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The Branner Geological Library
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''bureau of AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIM Si
ANTIQUITIES OF THE
UPPER GILA AND SALT
RIVER VALLEYS IN ARIZONA
AND NEW MEXICO
WALTER HOUGH
/
■WASHINGTON
OOV&KNHRNT FKINTING OFFICE
1907
*211674
*
• • • a
• - • •
* • • •
- • • •
• ••
» •
• •
* •
• > •
• c •
«
CONTENTS
Page
Geography and physiography 7
History 8
Ancient and recent native inhabitants 9
Causes of depopulation 10
Culture of region 11
Distribution 11
As affected by mineral environment 11
As affected by vegetal environment 13
As affected by animal environment 13
Buildings 14
Grading of sites.ix 14
Pueblos 14
Cliff-dwellings IG
Other constructions 17
Shrines 19
Domestic life 20
Dress and adornment 20
Household furnishings 21
Industries 22
Stonework 22
Shellwork 23
Bonework 23
Woodwork ^_ 23
Textiles 24
Basketry • 24
Pottery 25
Amusements — language — religion 27
Distribution of the ruins 28
I.— The Gila from San Carlos to the head 28
1. Sources of the Gila 29
2. Pueblo Viejo valley . ^ 32
3. Thomas-Carlos region 38
II. — The San Francisco Kiver system 41
1. Eagle creek 42
2. Blue river 42
3. Pueblo creek 57
4. Luna valley 58
5. Los Lentes valley 61
6. Tularosa river 70
7. Apache creek 76
3
4 CONTENTS
Distribution of the ruins — Continued. Page
III.— The upper Salt river ; 79
1. White Mountain Creeli region 79
2. Escarpment and plateau 80
3. Fort Apache . 80
4. Pinal creek and middle Salt river 82
IV.— The Mimbres river 83
1. Silver City region 83
2. Deming region 87
Bibliography 90
Index ,- 91
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Plate I. Ruins of cliff-dwellings, Johnson ranch, Blue river 48
II. Cliff-houses, Bear creek. Blue river 52
III. Metate discovered in cemetery of ruin at Blue post-office 50
IV. Ruins in Spur Ranch group (>4
V. Tularosa valley, looking northeast from mesa 70
VI. Dictographs at entrance of Tularosa box canyon below Delgars. 72
VII. Pottery from the Delgar group, Tularosa valley 72
VIII. Ruins on upper Tularosa river 74
IX. Cave at head of Tularosa valley 74
X. Pottery and stone objects from ruins near Fort Apache (collec-
tion of Sergt. E. S. Miller, U. S. Army) 80
XI. Archeological map of the upper Gila and Salt River valleys,
Arizona and New Mexico 90
Fig. 1. Cliff-dwellings, West fork of the Gila 31
2. Cliff-dwelling, West fork of the Gila 32
3. Plan of Buena Vista ruin, Graham county, Ariz 33
4. Arrow polisher, Graham county, Ariz 34
5. Ceremonial stone slab, Solomonsville, Graham county, Ariz 35
G. Ceremonial stone slab, Solomonsville, Graham county, Ariz 3(5
7. Human effigy vase 40
8. Indented bowl 40
9. Sketch map of Blue river. Arizona, showing location of ruins 43
10. Plan of ruin no. 29, mouth of Blue river 44
11. Walled cave near mouth of Blue river 45
12a. Milling cave near mouth of Blue river 4G
12&. Plan of milling cave 47
13. Two-story ceremonial cave, San Francisco river near mouth of
Blue river 47
14. Ruin on Lovelady ranch. Blue river 49
15. Plan of ruin on Lovelady ranch, Bl\ie river 50
IG. Burial showing position of skeleton, Lovelady ranch, Blue river__ 51
17. Plan of Bear Creek cave. Blue river 52
18. Bear Creek cave. Blue river 53
19. Assembly kiva of group near Thompson farm. Blue river 54
20. Sketch of ruin at Blue post-office, BJue river 50
21. Construction of wall, ruin at Blue post-office. Blue river 57
22. Metates and manos ; grinding stones — Blue post-office. Blue river_ 58
23. Sketch of location of ruins near Luna, N. Mex 59
24. Plan of ruin C, one-half mile southwest of Luna, N. Mex GO
25. Plan of ruin A, Luna, N. Mex 01
26. Sketch of Spur ranch, Los Lentes valley, showing location of
ruins 62
5
6 ILLUSTRATIONS
Page^
Fig. 27. Plan of ruin at head of Stevens cienaga, showing pit-houses and
grading 63
28. Plan of ruins on Stevens cienaga, showing rectangular stone
houses superimposed on pit-dwellings 1 64
29. Plan of Spur group, Spur ranch 64
30. Plan of ruin no. 80, Spur ranch 65
31. Plan of ruin no. 81 on hillside near Spur ranch 65
32. Plan of ruin no. 82, Spur ranch 66
33. Plan of ruins no. 83, Spur ranch 66
34. Plan of ruin no. 84, Spur ranch ^ 67
35. Plan of ruin no. 85, Spur ranch 67
36. Plan of ruin no. 86, Spur ranch 68
37. Plan of ruin C, Arroyo group, Spur ranch 68
38. Sketch of location of ruins D and E, Arroyo group, Spur ranch 69
39. Sketch of location of ruin no. 89, Spur ranch 69
40. Plan of ruin no. 90, Spur ranch 70
41. Plan of ruin no. 91, Spur ranch 70
42. Sketch map of TularosJi river, showing location of ruins, western
Socorro county, N. Mex 71
43. Plan of cave at head of Tularosa valley 75
44. Sketch map of Apache creek, showing location of ruins 76
45. Ruins at N. 11. ranch, Apache creek, Socorro county, N. Mex 77
46. Ruin at Eastcamp, Bishop ranch, western Socorro county, N. Mex. 77
47. Ruin west of Oliver Bishop Ranch house, near Eastcamp, west-
ern Socorro county, N. Mex 78
48. Ruin at Gallo spring, western Socorro county, N. Mex 78
49. Ruin on Whiskey creek, near Central, Grant county, N. Mex 84
50. Mealing pits in a rock outcrop on Whiskey creek, Grant county,
N. Mex 85
51. Pictographs at Craig ranch. Silver City, Grant county, N. Mex 86
• o ■•
» »
ANTIQUITIES OF THE UPPER GILA AND SALT RIVER
VALLEYS IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXlCoV-:':
> ' .1
« •*
By Walter Hough
GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
The area in which are found the archeological remains treated in
this bulletin forms part of southwestern Xew Mexico (western
Socorro, Grant, and Luna counties) and southeastern Arizona
(Apache, Navajo, Gila, Pinal, Graham, and Cochise counties). It
is bounded on the northeast by the great ridge lying between the
Gila-Salt and Little Colorado rivers; on the west and northwest by
the Tonto basin ; on the south by the states of Sonora and Chihuahua,
Mexico, and on the southeast, by the San Agustin plains. Approxi-
mately it extends 170 miles east and west and 200 miles north and
south. Much of this area is covered bv the Black Mesa, Mount Gra-
ham, and Chiricahua forest reserves in Arizona and the Gila River
forest reserve in New Mexico. (See map, pi. xi.)
The general region of which this is a large part lies on the south-
ern slope of the great diagonal ridge or break called locally the
" Mogollon rim,"" Verde breaks," etc., which extends southeast across
Arizona and a portion of New Mexico. This remarkable physio-
graphic feature divides x^rizona sharply into two regions — the
northern, a high plateau drained by the Colorado and Little Colorado
rivers, and the southern, a steep slope gradually merging into the
level plains along the Mexican boundary, drained by the Gila-Salt
river system into the Colorado river, and by the Mimbres, which
flows into the inland basin at the foot of the Sierra Madre of
Mexico. To the east this ridge takes a northerly direction and is
broken into a number of ranges, the Gallo and Datil ranges being the
main prolongations that deflect the drainage into the Little Colorado
on the north, the Gila on the south, and the Rio Grande on the east.
The Gila-Salt and their aflSuents rise in the sinuous " rim," which
ordinarily presents at its upper portion enormous inaccessible cliffs
gashed by innumerable rugged canyons. The high mountains cause
precipitation and act as storage reservoirs. Here springs burst forth
and trout streams take their rise. Many rivulets trickle from the
heights of the great break, coalesce, and descend precipitously between
7
8 BUREAU. OF, AMEBIC AN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
high ridges and dash through canyons or water the fertile acres of
the upper valleys. .'The' streams grow larger and the canyons grow
wider in the mi.d'dler courses of the rivers, till in the lower reaches
great valleys opfep.'out, in which an ancient population, like that of
the lower Gila •and Salt, flourished by grace of the moisture condensed
on the mouiitar^ns to the northeast.
Above 'the 6,000- foot contour the mountains are clothed with a
dens^'gfQWth of pine, constituting part of the greatest virgin forest
renaaimiig in the United States. The forest on the higher plateau
is. jopen and interspersed with groves of live oak and aspen, forming
;';beautiful parks. Descending from the " rim," one traverses the
'. habitats of plants ranging from the Boreal to the lower Austral
' zone, so that in following the canyon of Blue river, Arizona, one
passes from the pine to the cactus in less than GO miles, having
encountered numerous vegetal forms, each appearing at its limit of
elevation.
In accord with the prevalence of vegetal life, there is on this slope
abundant and diversified animal life, and here may be found the
larger and smaller mammals and birds, and other animals character-
istic of the Austral zones, which on their western edges approach
the Tropical life zone of the lower Colorado and Salt rivers.
The climate is generally agreeable, depending upon the elevation,
growing cooler as one ascends toward the " rim." On the whole,
this great area is suitable for human habitation, especially in the
upper Austral zone, which, with its ample water and vegetation,
would afford support for agricultural and hunting tribes. This is
shown by the numerous and widespread areas in the river valleys
which man has cultivated and by the evidences of his occupancy of
caves, cliff-dwellings, and pueblos, that render this section of the
United States of especial archeologic interest.
The geographical features of the region are marked by a number
of enclaves, producing isolation and corresponding development of
subcultures within the general, comparatively uniform pueblo cul-
ture. The movement of population was along the narrow valleys
of streams, shut off from contact with other tribes by high mountain
masses. That the early tribes were not disturbed is shown by many
evidences, notably the absence of defensive works or defensive posi-
tions of pueblos and the dearth of implements of war.
HISTORY
The region is also particularly interesting because the earliest Euro-
pean expedition into the southwestern part of the present domain of
the United States, led by Marcos of Niza, crossed this uninhabited and
inhospitable territory in 1539, In the next year Francisco Vasquez
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 9
Coronado, commanding an army of Spanish adventurers, traveled
from Culiacan, Mexico, and passed through this wilderness to Cibola
{Zuni). Coronado's route has long been a subject of inquiry, but it
is now generally conceded that he passed down the upper course of
the San Pedro, thence northeastwardly to the Gila and over the
White mountains by the site of the present Fort Apache, Showlow,
and St. Johns to Zuni and the Rio Grande. The region is not believed
to have been inhabited at the time of the Coronado expedition,
but subsequently it was occupied by bands of Apaches, and the
settlement of the country was much retarded in consequence until
the establishment of military posts and the final pacification of
renegade bands in 1886. Up to the close of the Civil War the settlers
were almost exclusively Mexicans, whose principal occupations were
mining and farming. The region has never been of great historical
importance.
ANCIENT AND RECENT NATIVE INHABITANTS
The tribes formerly inhabiting the upper Gila-Salt River region are
probably not referred to in any traditions of the surviving Pueblos,
this fact making the problem of their ethnology one of extreme diffi-
culty. Only through the comparison of their arts with those of other
regions may even a general statement be made of their likeness or
entire dissimilarity to the other ancient inhabitants of the Southwest.
It seems likely, from the data at hand, that they were distinct from the
tribes of the neighboring regions and sprang from an original local
source.
Of interest, because it may indicate a migration of a Rio Grande
tribe to the headwaters of the Salt, is the statement in the ancient
Zuni origin myth that the hero Hliakwa, who, coming from Santo
Domingo, joined the tribe four years after the War gods had set
fire to the world, later separated from the Zuni and took up his
abode in the great mountain southwest of the sacred Salt lake.^
It is incredible that none of the blood of the inhabitants of the
•
Gila-Salt region passed into the surviving Pueblos, but there is no
proof of this having taken place. It is likely that the Pima-Opata
tribes to the extreme southwest and the Zuni to the northeast have
inherited all that remains of this ancient population, while the
Hopi to the north still retain traces of the influences of its culture.
A comparative study of artifacts must be further pursued to deter-
mine the points and the traditions of various tribes recorded with the
accuracy which characterizes Poctor Fewkes's work among the Hopi.^
« Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Twenty-third Report of Bureau of American Ethnology,
60.
* Fewkes, Tusayan Migration Traditions, Nineteenth Report of Bureau of American
Ethnology, pt. 2, 626.
10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
Causes of D^Ipopui^tion
There was probably not one village surviving in this vast area at
the time of Coronado's journey; but the ancient ruins, by their pro-
fusion, indicate that a comparatively dense population once lived
there. 'What, then, were the causes which led to the extinction of
these people ? So far as may be inferred from present conditions, the
environment was favorable for the maintenance of Indian tribes, and
it is probable, therefore, that there is no geographic or climatic con-
dition adequate to explain the depopulation of the whole region. In
some sections disease may have checked the growth of population and
finally exterminated the inhabitants, for even in the elevated localities
fevers of a certain class bear heavily at times upon the present set-
tlers. In some of the river valleys malaria also at times is prevalent.
On the whole, however, the climate is salubrious. Exploration of the
ancient ruins, so far as this has been accomplished, invariably shows,
moreover, that the abandonment of the pueblos was not due to inter-
nal warfare or to attacks by outside enemies.
In reference to the failure of the food supply, due to prolonged
drought or other circumstances, there is reason to believe that such
failures were less prevalent in former times than in the years since
the occupancy by white men. However, starvation may have been a
factor in the decline of poj^ulation in certain localities.
It may be that the most potent cause existed in the social organiza-
tion of the people, coupled with the isolation enforced by the environ-
ment. It is known that the social organization of the existing Pueblo
tribes among which marriage is prohibited within the clan tends to
self-extinction, and it is possible that the tribes of the Gila suffered
from the same cause.
Evidence of the growth and decline of several ancient 2)n<?blos on
the San Francisco river has been brought to light. In one tj^pical
example the village had grown to its limits by the natural accretion
of houses forming a polygonal mass, and the cemetery lay outside its
walls in the normal position, with the burials placed in the same
manner as in numerous other sites. It was found that the external
rooms on the ground floor of the pueblo also had been used for burial.*
Further examination showed that a row of inner rooms had been so
used, and that other rooms toward the center of the pueblo were
devoted likewise to mortuary purposes. In these central rooms the
burials were evidently later, since in many cases no offerings of pot-
tery or other objects were placed with the dead. We have here what
« In Halona (a historic Zufii pueblo) and Los Muertos, in the Salt River valley, the
inhabitants continued to live in the houses in which burials had been made, but these
Interments were under floors, while in the Gila-Salt pueblos the rooms usually contained
several graves at different depths, and in some cases were full of skeletons.
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 11
seems to be, then, the life history of this pueblo from its culmination
to its extinction, the gradually enlarging zone of room burials being
an index of the decrease of the inhabitants. The evidence invariably
shows that no sudden cataclysm overwhelmed the pueblos, no hasty,
disorganized abandonment took place, no wars decimated them, but
rather that, like a tree, they passed through successive stages of
growth, decline, and decay to final extinction.
CULTURE OF REGION
Distribution
The Gila-Salt region is of such great extent and presents such
physiographic diversity that it could well have contained within its
limits several peoples distinct in language and arts. Transitory
tribes moved across it and local populations inhabited almost inac-
cessible valleys, cultures mingled on the indefinite boundaries, and
there were displacements of one tribe by another ; but as a whole, in
respect to arts, this section of the Southwest is uniform and charac-
teristic. Bearing in mind the topograj^hy, it is found that the ancient
settlements were distributed in three zones of elevation, each environ-
ment inducing certain modifications of culture. The zones are —
1. Lower, the fluvial plain of the lower Salt and Gila rivers ;
2. Middle, the piedmont, crossed by the San Francisco and upper
Gila rivers ; and
3. Upper, the escarpment, with basins, terraces, and cienagas, and
the sources of the Gila, San Francisco, Salt, and Mimbres.
These zones do not follow a definite contour, the course being
irregular, like an isotherm, since river valleys carry to greater eleva-
tions the fauna and flora of lower zones.
AS AFFECTED BY MINERAL ENVIRONMENT
Geologically the region is composed of igneous formations of great
variety, almost entirely hiding the basal rocks. In general, the
features shown are cappings of extrusive basalts covering softer
rocks, such as tufas, the latter often conglomeritic, and grayish
amorphous rocks frequently containing crystals. As a result of
erosion, loose masses of basalt are scattered more or less thickly over
the country, rendering the roads tortuous and difficult of travel.
The valleys along streams are narrow and at intervals show small
deposits of alluvium forming the first terrace, generally from 6 to 8
feet thick. Rising abruptly from this is a second terrace having
steep slopes banked with masses of flat-ovate, smoothly polished hand
stones of quartz, quartzite, porphyry, basalt, etc. This terrace is
12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
usually composed of layers of dense, jointed, almost shaly clay and
sand. A third terrace and sometimes a fourth may be seen, as on
the San Francisco near the mouth of Blue river. The third terrace
rises rapidly against the inclosing wall, its rear portion being filled
with angular masses from the rim rock. These terraces were gen-
erally the sites of habitations. On the plateaus large areas are cov-
ered with soil, and in depressions this soil is often very deep from
constant additions in the basins of temporary lakes or in cienagas
(marshes). Much of the plateau country would be dotted with lakes
were the precipitation greater.
In the basin country, below the edges of the plateaus and mesas and
in the beds of streams, springs burst forth, forming the sources and
supplies of the water courses. Some of these springs are mineralized,
and frequently the water is warm and even hot. Comparatively
speaking, there is abundance of water.
This region furnished an adequate and, in some cases, an abundant
supply of minerals needful for the primitive arts of the Indians.
For house building basalt or other volcanic rock of convenient size
was always at hand. Frequently near building sites were found thin
slabs of strong creamy-white stone, which was used in construction
^of flooring, lintels, and fire boxes. Obsidian, chalcedony, quartzite,
quartz, and chert were found, together with fine-grained diorite
suitable for axes; and that these useful minerals were prized by the
aborigines is abundantly shown in both the finished implements and
the rejects occurring on the village sites. Chalcedony, which owing
to the conditions of its deposition has assumed remarkable forms, is
somewhat common and had widespread use. Clays for the potter
and for house building were everywhere obtainable, and though not
of the quality found in the Jura-Trias and Cretaceous formations
of the Little Colorado valley, they were serviceable. In several
localities white kaolin is found, and a disintegrated white quartz
rock, metamorphosed by heat, was procurable for the paste of gray
pottery. Steatite, thin sheets of drip lime, turquoise, and fluorite
were sufficiently abundant for the manufacture of beads and other
ornaments, of which a profusion is found in the ruins. Pigments
<;onsisting of iron-bearing earths, stones for pottery decoration, as
well as copper ore, micaceous hematite, ocher, kaolin and charcoal for
the painting of weapons, ceremonial paraphernalia, and other pur-
poses, could be had for the searching.
Metal working was not practised, but in course of trade bells of.
<*opper were brought from Mexico. One of these, a remarkable
pyriform specimen 3 inches long, was taken from a ruin on the
Tularosa river. Rich copper was occasionally fashioned, but merely
as a stone, and was never smelted or otherwise worked by fire.
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 13
Salt was obtainable at several places, but especially and in good
quality at the sacred Salt lake southwest of Zuni, which in former
times was visited by the inhabitants of a vast region.
AS AFFECTED BY VEGETAL ENVIRONMENT
Exhaustive collections made in caves and shelters with a view
of securing every substance entering into the life of this ancient
people strikingly illustrate the preponderant influence of the vege-
tal world. Few areas in the Southwest are more fully supplied with
vegetal material. Coniferous trees in the drier areas and deciduous
trees along the water courses furnished timber for building and fire-
wood, while smaller trees and shrubs yielded material for bows,
clubs, digging sticks, prayer sticks, and basketry. Bark was put to
a number of uses — for bedding, tying, fire preservation, cordage,
and costumes. Smaller vegetation likewise had numerous uses —
arrow shafts,** ceremonial offerings, and flutes were made of reed ; mats
of tule ; baskets, sandals, and mats, of willow, grass, yucca, dasylirion,
and other plants. Textile fiber, food, narcotics-, medicine, and dyes
were derived from wild plants; and cultivated plants, as corn,
beans, squashes, and gourds, formed the principal basis of subsistence.
Cotton was grown in the warmer localities, and, as in other parts
of the Pueblo region, was employed for clothing as well as for sacred
purposes.
The debris in dry caves has preserved in a remarkable manner
materials which give us knowledge of the vegetal food supply of the
former inhabitants. There have been found in these localities corn,
beans, squash, and gourds, of the cultivated plants; walnuts, which
grow abundantly up to an elevation of 6,000 feet; piiion nuts, and
acorns; grass and various other seeds; fruits of the yucca (datil),
cactus, gooseberry, grape, squawberry, juniper, and hackberry; and
the agave, whose fleshy leaves furnish a sweet nutriment, and numer-
ous roots. In the warmer areas, which are sparser in vegetation, the
agave, cactus, acacia, and other desert plants were utilized.
AS AFFECTED BY ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT
The animal environment was important. Larger mammals were
represented in the region by the elk, deer, antelope, bear, and moun-
tain lion. Smaller mammals were abimdant, and the turkey, grouse,
and other birds were numerous. Other orders of animal life also
were found here. Among the insects the most useful was the wild
honeybee. The skins, pelage and plumage, antlers, claws, hoofs,
horns, teeth, bones, sinews, and membranes all had value for various
<> The arrow reed is now almost extinct in this region.
14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
purposes. The turkey filled so great a need that it was domesticated.
Its feathers were employed in clothing and in worship, and for the
latter purpose the plumage of many birds was utilized. Through
aboriginal commerce shells from the Pacific found their way to this
region as to other parts of the Southwest.
The majority of the bones unearthed are those of deer, which then
as now existed in great numbers in the hilly country. Nothing has
been found upon which to base the opinion that the turkey was eaten.
No evidences of cannibalism have been discovered.
The bones found in village debris and in cave-dwellings indicate
that animal food was not neglected, even though it did not assume
the importance of substances derived from the vegetal kingdom,
especially through the cultivation of maize. In common with most
tribes, the inhabitants of this area were doubtless omnivorous, the
vicissitudes of the environment compelling the people to avail them-
selves of every resource.
Buildings
grading of sites
Moisture and vegetation are responsible for the preservation of the
ruins found in the mountainous districts, whereas in the open, naked
country winds and rainfall are powerful agents in eroding tho loose
soil and effacing the work of the builders.
The large ruin at the Spur ranch of Mr. Montague Stevens, 7
miles east of Luna, N. Mex., was built on a series of artificial ter-
races, and the whole site, covering several acres, has been so exten-
sively graded and filled as to cause astonishment. There was far
more labor expended in this work than in erecting the pueblo. At
the S. U. ranch, on the upper Tularosa, another striking example
exists where the high terrace forming the podium of a pyramidal
ruin has been shaped and a graded way made to the summit. These
are but two of very many instances in which the results of the grad-
ing operations carried on by the pueblo builders may Mill be observed.
PUEBLOS
The energy of the pueblo builders in the work of constructing
edifices of stone and earth has often been remarked by observers.
In the open country, as on plateaus and in wide river valleys dis-
tant from mountains, the stone village was the common type, and
mud was employed in the construction of walls only in absence of
more durable material. The influences of environment on the minds
of the ancient builders modified their customs, securing the requi-
site adaptability in their habitations; thus in the colder regions
houses were built more compact than in warmer climates; under
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 15
rock shelters cliff-dwellings were built ; caves were sometimes masked
by house rows, while in other instances they formed temporary abodes
like the rock shelters.
The pueblos of the hot country at the base of abrupt slopes, as on
the Gila and on the low^er reaches of its tributaries, were of Bande-
lier's " dispersive " type, consisting of a collection of houses and
plazas outlined with walls, while those of the elevated country, as
on the upper San Francisco and Blue, where the temperature is
lower, were compact, • showing a unified mass of polygonal outline,
containing small courts, but having besides, exterior to the village, a
more or less ample level space in which burials are found and which
perhaps was also designed for public ceremonies.
As an effect of climate also, the houses contain on the average
larger rooms than those which are noticed in villages on the plateau
north of the Salt river. The rooms in none of these pueblos are so
ample, however, as those in the present town of Zuiii or in the Hopi
town of Sichomovi. Such ground plans as have been exposed by
excavation show that the fire box — a rectangular space lined with
slabs of stone — is set in the center of the floor of the room or near
one end, not in a corner. Openings between communicating apart-
ments are very small and low\ Banquettes are often constructed
around the sides of the rooms; floors are sometimes laid with flat
stones and the walls neatly plastered with mud.
The smaller pueblos are generally divided into rooms of equal
size, while, as an outcome of the differentiation of interests among
greater bodies of men in larger j^ueblos, some rooms are quite large and
others are small or of 'medium size. Most of the rooms of a pueblo
were for sleeping and storage purposes, but usually the large chambers
were living rooms, which at times were used for meetings of frater-
nities, or perhaps set aside altogether for such meetings. A number
of rooms were employed for milling and baking.
In masonry or other details of construction the stone pueblos
offer nothing striking or different from the customary style. Some
rooms are laid up with thin slabs of white stone, obviously an evi-
dence of taste in the builder, and these rooms also were not plastered.
In one instance on the Tularosa the edges of many of the slabs were
decorated with grooves and incised lines forming ornamental pat-
terns. Examples of decorative treatment of walls by alternating con-
trasting bands of stonework similar to the construction of pueblos
in Mancos canyon are found here.
The 2)ueblos of earth construction, which in this region are confined
to the Gila and the lower courses of some of its tributaries, show at
present, in their extremely degraded state, walls of rammed earth
provided with cores of smooth river bowlders. These walls held at
16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
intervals posts rising above them into the superstructure. Most of the
ruins show their extent and plans by the lines of these bowlders pro-
truding from the soil. There is sufficient basis, howeverj for the
belief that the bowlder-earth wall belonged to a lower story and that
above it were a structure of earth and sticks of lighter character and a
flat roof resting upon the posts. So far as known, no adobe brick or
block construction, like that used in Mexico, was practised in any
part of this region. ^^Tierever villages of this type occur (on lower
Gila and Salt and southward through Mexico), the ruins show a high
mound surrounded with lower masses of debris. These have been
designated temples by Gushing, and have generally been regarded as
council houses, sacerdotal or defensive structures, a surviving type of
which is Gasa Grande, near Florence, Ariz. Irrigation works are
alwavs associated with ruins of this kind, and on the rivers men-
tioned these works are the most important found in America.**
CfJFF-DWELLINGS
"iVhile structures of this class were not so numerous or large as
those of the San Juan watershed, vet their distribution was extensive
throughout the mountain region, where they exist whenever the
physiographic conditions are favorable. They have been found in
the canyons of the San Francisco, Tularosa, Blue, Eagle, Pueblo^
Salt and Gila, and Gila Bonita, and thev reach westward to the
Tonto basin. Generallv thev occupv sites in narrow eanvons near the
headwaters of rivers and consist of a row of small one or two storv
houses placed under an overhanging clitf or in front of a cave.
Single houses were often placed in niches or fissures in the rocks.
Scarcely any pocket large enough to shelter a human Ixung but
shows evidence of occupation, mostly temporary perhaps, though
frequently such places are blackened with smoke and contain much
refuse.
The cliff-houses are in construction like those of the San Juan
region, and they preserve the details of building that have disap-
peared from the open-air pueblos. A comparison of artifacts found
in the pueblos and cliff-dwellings shows their similarity, and indi-
cates clearly that the two classes of structures are work of the same
people.
A niche adjoining a cliff-house on the San Francisco river near the
mouth of the Blue was devoted to milling, as shown by the well-worn
cavities in the floor (see p. 47). On Pueblo creek and at the head
of the Tularosa similar milling rooms were excavated in the soft
rock.
• Hodge, Prehistoric Irrigation in Arizona, American Anthropologist, vi, July, 1893.
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 17
OTHER CX)NSTRUCTIONS
Quadrangular boxes, made of stone slabs set on edge, are common in
the ruins of northern New Mexico and Arizona and are more rarely
found in the sites south of the mountains. Consisting of bare slabs
of stone, and only in very rare instances containing any objects or
substances explaining their function, they have been the subject of
many conjectures. By comparison they are probably pahoki (prayer-
stick houses) such as those in which the Hopi place offerings, and are
thus shrines in the strictest sense.
Occasionally fireplaces are found near the villages, and in several
of the Spur Ranch ruins these were of burnt clay, with bosses for
pot rests. Sometimes, also, metates were set up in the open air near
the village.
Associated with all the ruins are circular depressions, which in com-
mon parlance are called " reservoirs." These are detached, contigu-
ous to the village, or incorporated in the house mass. While some
of these which lie outside the villages may have been intended to
impound rain water falling during heavy storms, and while depres-
sions in village sites along the course of the Gila may have formed
part of the irrigation system, it appears that very rarely was the
storage of water their function, and in many cases the purpose of the
isolated, simple, bowl-like depressions is unknown. They may have
been quarries whence was taken the clay or mud for mortar, plas-
tering, and other requirements, for which this material was in con-
stant demand.
Many of these depressions were undoubtedly kivas, such as those
either built in the pueblos or situated in the plazas or near the walls
of the village. These are deep and have vertical sides walled with
stone.
A large series of ruins lying on the plateau extending northeasterly
from Luna to the headwaters of Apache creek show circular depres-
sions intimately connected with their plan (see p. 62). Even when
they contain only a few houses they have immediately adjoining
them a shallow basin (generally about equal in area to the houses),
and usually at one side of the basin are one or two rooms. A typical
plan is seen in figure 33, page 66. It is possible that these bowl-
like depressions were sites of arbors where communal work could be
carried on out of doors, lounging places, or at times open-air kivas
like the circular fence of stakes of the Navaho. In larger ruins of
this group one may see these cirdes inclosed by buildings of two or
more stores, thus appearing as octagonal or polygonal wells and
provided each with an entrance. These are kivas which have been
closed in by the gradual extension of the pueblo.
3454— No. 35—07 2
18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BrLL. 35
On the upper Blue river are found large rectangular kivas sunl^
in a graded terrace or in level ground. The sides are walled up and
the entrance is by a paved incline on the east side. Flanking the
entrance are single rooms (see plan, p. 54) , which appear to be keepers'
lodges. These kivas are detached and appear to have been common
ceremonial chambers for a group of pueblos. A ruin near Linden,
Ariz., has a circular kiva of this type, while the immense ruin at
Forestdale, south of Linden, has a deeply sunken kiva 25 feet square.**
At Eastcamp (see p. 77) detached kiva sites consist of an L with
the circular kiva chamber in the angle. This form is also found at
the Spur ranch (p. 67).
In some of the ruins on the Blue river there are situated in the
plazas constructions resembling wells. They are 3 feet in diam-
eter and 8 or more feet deep, lined with laid-up stone. Their purpose
is not known.
A discovery made by the writer in the country surrounding Luna,
N. Mex., bears on the subject of the circular concavities associated
with ruins. Two sites were examined, of which the sole remains
were large shallow pits containing much of the house debris with
wjiich the location was covered. In excavating the plaza of a rec-
tangular stone-built j^^i^blo near the Spur ranch these deep circular
constructions were encountered. Thev have a diameter of about 15
feet, vertical sides, a square fire box in the center of the floor, and
around the sides and across one diameter are traces of wooden posts.
The debris contained many bones of animals, flint chips, roofing clay,
and other refuse. At one side a flexed burial unaccompanied with
mortuary objects was unearthed. The site was evidently occupied
at one time by circular semisubterranean houses; subsequently, rec-
tangular stone houses, like those of the site previously mentioned,
were erected on the border of a shallow excavated basin 50 feet in
diameter, forming a pueblo of the type common in this section.
Another pit ruin of great extent was observed in the environs of Luna.
The surface of the site is smooth, giving no indication of the dwell-
ings beneath. A burial was uncovered here during the cutting of a
ditch, and subsequent examination by the writer determined the
presence of pit-dwellings. The surface soil of the site contains
innumerable small fragments of coarse brown undecorated pottery;
rarely fragments of a peculiar creamy white ware with red-brown
linear decoration and almost no chips or masses of stone.
In various locations are comparatively recent traces of Apache
Indian lodge sites. These consist of rings of stones inclosing shal-
low depressions.
^Report of United States 2^'ational Museum, p. 290 and pi. in, 1901.
hough;! antiquities of gila-salt valleys 19
Shrines
There are four classes of shrines of which remains exist in this
region. These are caves, springs, rock piles, and stone rings. The
caves are receptacles for various offerings thrown in without order
or placed in small square areas outlined with low stone walls or
ridges of gravel, which the first observers thought the i-emains of
houses. (See p. 52.) The caves were usually quite difficult of access.
Important springs have received various offerings, as stone beads
and miniature pottery. Occasionally during operations for enlarg-
ing and cleaning springs many of these objects have been recovered;
At Gallo springs, in western Socorro county, N. Mex., hundreds of
small facsimiles of pottery vessels were encountered in the. marshy
border and basin of the spring. In a spring in northwestern So-
corro county a carved and painted wooden figure of a serpent was
found. This specimen is now in the National Museum.
Few of the springs in this region have been walled up like those
of northeast Arizona, the only example noted being the splendid
spring at the Olney ranch, some distance from Solomonsville on the
slope of Mount Graham, which appears to be inclosed and provided
with steps.
The sands of thermal springs especially contain numbers of beads
of black, white, gray, red, and blue stone. It has been customary
for young people in the neighborhood to visit the hot spring in the
canyon of the San Francisco, below Spur ranch, in order to glean
beads from the volcanic sand washed out by the water. Quantities
of beads have been secured and it is probable that in the spongy
vegetable mass bulging on the slope below this spring offerings of
pottery could be found.
Shrines contiguous to villages consist of circular piles of small
stones and twigs, like the Masauu shrines of the Hopi,^ and rings of
bowlders containing concretions, weatherworn stones, and crystals.
Greater numbers of such shrines are found in the Spur Ranch valley
than elsewhere, though this may be accounted for by the small erosion
there.
Stone-ring shrines are not immediately connected with pueblo
ruins, but occupy the summits of mesas and mountains. In the
Tularosa-Apache region examples are found on the Delgar mesa,
Apache mountain, and Queens head. The stones used in forming
the rings are very large, and the offerings were of pottery, of which
great quantities of shards still remain in the rings. On Mount
Thomas, Arizona, are other shrines of this description and it is
reported that the Zuni and other Pueblos still make offerings on this
peak.
« Fewkes, American Anthropologist, n. s., viii, 353, 1906.
20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
Domestic Life
dress and adornment
Much that is interesting in respect to clothing may be learned from
perishable remains preserved in caves, and from the more durable
organic substances derived from the cemeteries and the houses of the
pueblos. It is possible with their aid to reconstruct in large measure
the costume and personal adornment of the ancient population of
this region, especially of those living on the south-flowing streams
descending from the great escarpment. The major west-flowing
streams, which run through warm valleys at the base of the moun-
tains, do not so often present the juxtaposition of pueblo and cave or
cliff -house, and for this reason the story is not so complete in this
portion of the environment.
Throughout this region, however, some adjuncts of costume, such
as necklaces of stone or shell beads, armlets, wristlets and finger rings
of shell, anklets of shell, and pendants of stone, occur in all localities.
These are supplemented from 'the mountain caves by ornaments of
feathers and fur, portions of insects, dyed cords, and other objects,
showing the extent of this early manifestation of the esthetic in per-
sonal decoration.
No evidence appears that head covering of any description was
worn, nor, unless certain small perforated stone tablets were for ear
pendants, was any ear decoration practised. In the lower country,
as on the Blue at Bear creek (p. 51) the costume consisted of front
and back fringed skirts of cords, like those A¥orn some years ago by
the Mohave, Cocopa, and other southern Arizona tribes. Small fac-
similes of this garment were deposited as offerings in the Bear Creek
ceremonial cavern. Here also small cotton blankets were worn around
the shoulders, and larger blankets of the same material, fragments of
which are found, probably served to wrap the whole body. Sandals
of yucca fiber, consisting of a simple braided rectangle for the sole
of the foot, answered as a protection from the sharp volcanic rocks.
The costume of the Indians in this zone showed that the need for pro-
tection against cold was not great, and few traces of garments made
up of cords wound with feathers or fur are found in the caves, while
they occur plentifully in the northern and more elevated districts.
In contrast with the costume worn by the inhabitants of the lower
Blue river that of the upper Tularosa shows markedly the effect of
extreme cold. Pelts of animals were used here, the larger mammal
skins being employed entire and the smaller cut in strips and wound
around cords which are combined to form a texture. The downy
feathers of the turkey were deftly wound about cords which were
then made into blankets and garments or employed as parts of cos-
tumes or as ornaments.
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 21
The dress of the upper Tularosa people consisted of a jacket made
of feathered cord secured by a woven band, a loin band made up of
numerous cords forming a bundle with ends hanging down front
and back, and sandals. Skirts like those found on the Blue river
were also worn, probably by women. . Large robes of fur cord formed
a wrapping for. the whole body.
Sandals in great variety occur here and in the cavern back of the
row of houses there was a veritable museum of cast-off footwear and
other personal rejects. There are two general classes, viz, the sole
sandal for summer wear, made of yucca strips or woven from fiber,
and large shoes of basket work stuffed with shredded grass and
wound at the ankle with feather cord. With the sandals also
occurred squares of coarse woven bast cloth — used, it is believed, to
wrap the feet like the duffel socks worn in the Hudson Bay territory.
This may be regarded as the costume of the mountain Indians, one
which clearly gives evidence of the reaction of the environment upon
human arts.
Connected also with costume in this locality are pouches of skin —
sometimes tanned and sometimes of the natural pelt — which were
carried about the person; of these a number were found, as well as
small pliable baskets of similar use. In several instances hair
brushes of grass stems, like those used by the existing Pueblos, were
found.
HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS
Some insight into the domestic life of the Gila tribes may also be
gained through the remains from both pueblos and cliff-houses.
From the former are secured objects of durable materials connected
with the preparation, cooking, and serving of food — small mortars
and pestles; metates and manos; vessels for mixing, cooking, and
holding food, for containing salt and small portions of the meal,
and for transporting, storing, and distributing water. From the
latter come torches of reed, splints, and bark; baskets for various
purposes; gourd vessels; matting of yucca and tule; carrying nets
of yucca leaves; hooks; sticks for parching corn, and for various
other household purposes; hafted stone knives; and platters of bark.
The inhabitants possessed bed heaps, rudely constructed, though
in a definite manner, of softened grass inclosed in a mat-like net of
yucca leaves. Bundles of grass leaves served as pillows. The baby
was placed on a skin laid over an ovate mat of tule bound on the
edges.
Bundles of com blades neatly folded over and tied and new corn
ears strung on cord hung about the cliff-houses in secure places, while
beans and maize ears were put into jars or mat baskets out of the reach
22 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
of rodents. Herbs, roots, and fruits were dried and stored. A pic-
ture similar in most respects might be drawn in the households of the
living Pueblo Indians.
Industries
stonework
«
The Gila peoples pecked, chipped, ground, and drilled stone, using
these practically universal processes with a fair degree of skill; but
the products are very unequal, some specimens being of the rudest
type and some of high excellence in design and finish. The stone
art of the present Pueblos has these characteristics.
The process of pecking is seen extensively on metates, manos and
other hand stones, axes, hammers, and rubbing stones. Apparently
this work was carried on in certain rooms of the pueblos, where
numerous examples have been found in every stage of completion.
Great care was frequently given to the finish of a metate, especially
to those set up on a foundation and rimmed with an oval frame of
hardened clay, and the lines of these specimens are nearly perfect
(see pi. in). Even an ordinary hand stone sometimes displays a
perfection of shape and finish that gives an excellent impression.
In the Pueblo Viejo valley slabs of a greenish fine-grained, not very
hard stone were worked into polishing stones, tablets, and sculptured
objects.
Chipping was employed in fashioning arrowheads, knives, and
drills and in edging thin plates of hard volcanic rock used as saws
for working wood. Arrowheads, principally of translucent obsidian,
show the finest workmanship (see p. 41), and drills exhibiting mar-
velous skill in chipping are found. From the large ruin at the Spur
ranch there was secured a disk of chalcedony, chipped and battered
into form and polished on one face, probably for use as a mirror or
reflector. The forms of chipped instruments follow conventional
patterns and were scarcely influenced by the motives which induced
tribes of other localities to produce eccentric shapes or tours de force,
as animal and other forms suggested by nature.
Frequently stone implements which were pecked into shape had
the cutting part ground (as the edge of an ax) and the body left in
a rough state. Often the groove of an ax was unground, apparently
to secure a stronger grip of the hafting. In the vicinity of dwellings
there remain on rocks scores and depressions made during the grind-
ing process. A fine example may be seen near the cave at the head
of the Tularosa river, where a large block of hard rock bears a row
of such concavities scooped out by the finishers of implements.
Soft rocks of the class of tufa admitted working by means of
flint points or scrapers. Small mortars and large tubular pipes,
hough] antiquities OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 23
" cloud blowers," of this material bear evidence of the gouging, cut-
ting, and scraping used in excavating them, while their outer surfaces
have been finished by grinding. These and other cult objects were
painted with red, yellow, white, black, and green pigments.
Drilling was usually practised in making beads, pendants, and
other objects, of which innumerable examples occur. Some are so
small that it is a j^roblem how they were pierced. The drills, some-
times of obsidian but usually of chert, are long and slender and of
superb chipping.
SHELLWORK
Olivella shells were prepared for beads by grinding away the apex
and base ; conus shells were likewise worked ; and the Pacific clam was
drilled for necklace pendants, sawed into bracelets and finger rings,
or carved into likeness of the frog. The massive portions of shells
were formed into beads, usually circular, but sometimes drop-shape.
Thin plates of shell were cut into ornaments representing animals.
The processes by which shell was worked were grinding, drilling, and
sawing. Shell objects were sometimes engraved, the surface lending
itself particularly to this work, which was often artistically done.
BONEWORK
Though more resistant than shell, bone was readily worked by
means of stone saws, grinders, and drills. As a rule most bone imple-
ments are manufactured from portions of the skeleton selected on
account of their shape and worked only so much as required. The
majority of awls answer to this description, but splints from long
bones were also ground into shape. When it was desired to section
a bone, it was grooved with a stone saw and broken apart, and the
rough end ground smooth by rubbing. In a few instances bone was
used to forni ornaments and gambling dice. Occasionally bones were
ornamented with scores and colored with pigments.
WOODWORK
House timbers, wherever they survive, frequently show the marks
of the stone ax with which they were shaped. Firewood, procured
almost entirely from such brittle wood as junipers and cedars, was
broken off with stone hammers and axes or by hand. Stems of tough
shrubs suitable for bows, arrows, digging sticks and other implements
were scored with stone saws and broken or twisted off, or cut with flint
knives, the work with this tool having the appearance of scraping
rather than cutting.
24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLtOGY [bull. 35
The foreshafts of reed arrows worked from hard wood, made with
a tang and shoulder and fitted in the end of the pile, display neatness
and skill in joinery. Bows are generally rude, though examples are
accurately shaped and finished. More skill was displayed in the
preparation of ceremonial paraphernalia, and among the objects may
be found rods worked with roundels, like lathe turning, and flat strips
of wood tied together with cord edge to edge, like modern Pueblo
ceremonial headdresses.
TEXTILES
Every plant in the region that yields fiber was utilized, and in
consequence the variety of cords found in the caves and cliff-dwell-
ings is remarkable. The stronger and more durable of these were
made from the fiber of various species of the yucca, dasylirion, agave,
and other plants of this order, the leaves of which also furnished
extremely useful sinewy strips for tying. The fiber was extracted
by scraping and chewing, the latter process giving rise to the " quids "
which are of common occurrence in cave refuse. Shredded bark of
the willow and alder was twisted into soft cord, and on the upper
Tularosa woven into coarse cloth, and cords of human and animal
hair, though less common than other kinds, were also made. In some
localities cotton cords and thread were abundant and in others of
limited occurrence.
A remarkable range of technic in cord was known here. Two,
three, and four jDly; loose twisted, hard twisted; flat, round, and
square braid, and served cord, are among the varieties. Both un-
twisted strands of cotton and cotton twisted to the fineness of small
thread are found. A noteworthy range of colors produced by dye-
ing occur, and the ties and knots are various enough to form a
separate study. Many of the fabrics produced show advanced orna-
mentation.
Woven cloth of various materials and fineness was produced,
cotton being the most common textile. On Blue river and the head
streams of the Gila cotton garments were ornamented with drawn
work. As to the apparatus and tools used in weaving the most
earnest search yields no clew.
BASKETRY
The following varieties of technic were here practised, viz, twin-
ing and tying in feather cord robes and jackets, tule and yucca mats
or skirts; wicker, in basketry and sandals; checker, twilled, and
diaper in mats, sandals, and baskets; plain and ornamental weaving
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF OILA-SALT VALLEYS S5
in sandals; wrapped like Mohave work, and coiled weaving of sev-
eral varieties, notably the " lazy stitch," which heretofore has been
found in use only in southern California.*
From the variety of materials to be had in the region the Indians
selected twigs and splints of rhus and willow; strips of yucca,
dasylirion, and like plants and fiber of the same; stems of grasses
and rushes; bark of the grapevine; splints of reed and other nat-
ural vegetal products not yet identified. These data were gathered
from two sites — on the Blue at Bear creek and on the Tularosa near
its head. The series from these sites is remarkable for diversity,
and nowhere is found a like conjunction of so many methods of
weaving.
The basketry vessels rarely show the highest technical and esthetic
qualities; woven designs are scarce, and instead the exterior decora-
tion was applied by washes in red, green, black, and white, relieved
on the natural color background (Blue river). Bowls; trays; mats;
oblong cases with lid, ' like Pima specimens ; overlaid staffs ; fan-
shape portions of ceremonial offeri-ngs, and of other objects are
among the forms of basketry discovered in this area.
POTTERY
No remains of human art and industries are more important to
the student of ethnology than pottery, since upon such remains
(which invariably bear the impress of tribal individuality and
environment) the origin, range, and state of culture of groups of
men are indicated.
Like the basketry, the pottery of the Gila region presents within
a single site great diversity in form, texture, color, and ornamenta-
tion. Despite this variety, however, there is an unmistakable con-
crete likeness which indicates the unity of this great area in culture,
but it is not to be imderstood that there were no contributions to the
pottery of this region acquired by whatever process from other
regions. There are here, in fact, several types of ware common to
other portions of the Southwest, over and above the types whose
location is south of the great plateau, and which extend below the
international boundary into Mexico. There are found here the fol-
lowing kinds of pottery technic: Coiled, corrugated, mammillated,
and scored exterior; smooth, with filleted rim, and with geometric
tracery of white on the exterior (open vessels of the foregoing classes
have black, highly polished interior) ; gray (black and white), and
<* Mason, Aboriginal American Basketry, Report of United States National Museum,
1902, Washington, 1904.
^
26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
red ware, the latter decorated with black and the exterior of the rims
having geometric ornamentation in white. Cream-color ware with
red-brown decoration forms another characteristic class of the pottery
here considered, which is represented by only a few specimens from
sites in the elevated zone.
Though coiling as a method of constructing pottery was generally
practised in the Pueblo region, its use as decoration growing out of
structure is of greater interest and importance in this area, where,
besides the common varieties of pinched coil by which vessels of crude
materials are made attractive, vessels were covered with fine corruga-
tion, on which textile designs were made by pressing down the ridges
by means of a tool. These specimens are, as a rule, finely executed
and have a pleasing appearance.
The chief kind of pottery made in this region was the smoothly
finished brown or red-brown type in coarse paste, undecorated save
by a fillet or rim border and occasionally a key pattern traced in
white. This ware was designed principally f©r ordinary use, though
the large red-brown bowls with white line decoration and lustrous
black interior are highly ornamental, and show the best development
of esthetic taste in this class.
The characteristic ware found on the Gila in the lower and warmer
zone has a coarse, friable brown paste, washed with a cream color,
forming a ground for black and red decoration. The ware, though
somewhat lacking in grace and form, is brilliant and effective, and
technically stands almost alone. It is one of the few examples of
polychrome ware.**
The gray ware is rarely of the hard white paste seen in some local-
ities, but it was constructed of coarse dark body material and washed
with kaolin to form a ground on which the degoration was drawn.
In this respect the ware is identical with the gray from most locali-
ties. The red ware was similarly produced by washing ocher over a
neutral body, burnishing, and firing, and most of the specimens are
of good quality.
A general view of the pictorial, plastic, and decorative arts of the
people of the Gila gives the impression that they have no culture
specially higher or in many respects different from that obtaining
in the Pueblo region. There are, however, developments in sculp-
tural forms beyond that in other areas, which point to southern
influences. This is seen in pottery figurines, a notable example of
which from a cave in the Nantack mountains was described by Dr.
J. Walter Fewkes.^' The forms of pottery are generally less grace-
« Tirfnty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnoloyy, pi. lxviii.
*Ibld., pt. 1, 189.
hough] antiquities OF GlLA-SALT VALLEYS 27
ful than those of the region to the north (Tusayan), but from favored
localities, as the fertile and beautiful Tularosa valley, there came
numerous examples of gray ware without rivals.
No less skill and taste characterize the application of decorative
designs, which in this region are almost exclusively geometric. They
appear to be repetitions of a limited number of symbols, the common
motives being rain clouds and birds, and maze patterns painted on
pottery for esthetic effect. On the upper Salt river, however, occur
symbolic unit designs drawn on the concave of bowls, connecting thus
with the culture of the Little Colorado valley.
Amusements — Language — Religion
Little may be said concerning the intellectual pursuits of these
tribes. That they enjoyed games and pastimes is evident from the
objects found in the caves where reed and bone dice have been dis-
covered. The former were short sections of halved reed, etched or
scraped and blackened, and the latter ovate or circular, bones simi-
larly engraved to indicate values in gaming.
Music was also a pastime of these ancients, who used flutes of reed
and yucca stalks. There is evidence of a comparative nature that the
former inhabitants of these pueblos, now ruins, were familiar with
many ceremonial songs, which they accompanied with rattles or with
rhythmic sounds made with drums or other instruments.
As to the speech of the ancient dwellers in this region and its
aiRliations, if such exist among living tribes, necessarily nothing can
be said. In common with other Indians, picture writing was the
nearest approach to recorded speech, and numerous examples pecked
in smooth rock surfaces are found in various localities. The most
extensive of these petroglyphs may be seen near the forest ranger's
station on the lower Tularosa, on the Blue river near the Henrv
Jones ranch, and near Fort Bayard. These petroglyphs may have a
serious meaning or they may be merely chance scribblings of passing
visitors. In the former case they may be regarded as totemic char-
acters designating clans or individuals who have halted in the neigh-
borhood in their migrations; in the latter case, meaningless pictures
made with no other intention than to pass away time.
They consist of human and animal and cult figures, as tracks of
bears and turkeys, mingled with nature symbols, as of the sun, water,
and stars ; often there are maze frets and geometric symbols like those
on pottery. Accompanying these are rudely drawn realistic scenes
of hunting. While these are not consecutive or definite records
28 Btm^Att 0^ AMERTCAK^ ETHNOLOGY [bull. 36
and only hece and there can the symbols be read, they are valuable
for comparison and in a limited way show tribal characteristics of art.
That little is known of the ancient religion may be shown by the
character of the offerings in the shrines to which reference has already
been made. Cult apparatus is in the highest degree interesting and
instructive, and by the very fact of its deposit preserves much con-
cerning the culture of the worshipers that would otherwise be lost.
Here were deposited offerings in great variety derived from the
mineral, vegetal, and animal kingdoms, and fashioned and deco-
rated by human art.
So far as may be ascertained at this time, the deposits in shrines
were concretions of strange shapes, crystals, and spheres; in springs,
beads and miniature pottery; and in caves, objects in great variety.
It may be possible through comparison with cult objects of existing
pueblos to interpret this paraphernalia, and as in the religious phe-
nomena of the Pueblos of to-day, this apparatus will be found to rep-
resent another manifestation of the force of environment in determin-
ing the religious beliefs and practices.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE RUINS
I. — The Gila from San Carlos to the Head
The ancient remains found along the Gila river from its head,
northeast of Silver City, to below its junction with the Salt are
practically uniform, and the explorations which have been carried
on near Phoenix, above the mouth of Salt river, by F. H. Cushing,
and on the Gila, at Solomonsville, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes and the
writer, prove conclusively that the inhabitants of this westward
flowing river were alike in arts.
The Gila, the Little Colorado, the San Juan, and the Rio Grande
are examples of rivers along whose main valleys the movement and
settlement of peoples were but little restricted, a condition tending to
produce similarity of culture activities. On the upper waters of the
rivers, however, or on the affluents, there is more likely to have been
mingling of peoples of different regions or the valley of a contribut-
ing stream may have contained only the remains of a single tribe.
The constructions on the lower Gila were built of adobe, and a
typical surviving building of this class is Casa Grande, near Florence,
Ariz. Those on the upper Gila, at Solomonsville, in the valley called
Pueblo Viejo, 90 miles east of Florence, are of similar structure;
they are situated on the level agricultural bottom near Scdomonsville.
Pueblo architecture is largely influenced, however, by the material and
climatic environment. Thus the absence of stone, which is naturally
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 29
the material for construction that suggests itself to the Indian,
leads to the use of adobe as a practical necessity.
Near the hot springs of the Gila are well-preserved cliff-dwellings
which are of considerable interest. The cliff-houses on Diamond
creek, discovered by Mr. H. W. Henshaw in 1877, are among the
first ruins of this character described in the Southwest. The upper
reaches of the Gila lie close to the head of the Mimbres, on which
river some of the peoples were evidently related to those who built
the great pueblos at Casas Grandes, as was shown by Bandelier in the
account of his reconnoissance of 1883-4.«
There has been no systematic effort to locate the ruins on the upper
Gila and the country southward to the Mexican border. While it
is probable that no large or important ruins are situated at any con-
siderable distance from the river, the region is interesting, through
the relations of its tribes to the former sedentary tribes of northern
Mexico.
One of the most remarkable constructions m the Southwest is a
prehistoric dam in Animas valley, southern Grant county, N. Mex.
It consists of a gigantic earthwork 5^ miles long and 22 to 24 feet high,
involving in its building the handling of from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000
cubic yards of material. The purpose of this earthwork, which is
undoubtedly of artificial character, was to impound water for irri-
gation, and the work is comparable to that found in the irrigation
systems of the ancient inhabitants of the Gila and Salado valleys,
Arizona. The dam was discovered by the engineers on the survey
of the international boundary line. United States and Mexico, and
has been described, profiles and sections, by Capt. D. D. Gaillard,
U. S. Armv.^
1. SOURCES OF THE GILA
No. 1. Clifl-dwellingS — In the rim of a mesa 4 miles north of
Datil, Socorro county, N. Mex., there are 5 or 6 contiguous rooms
forming a cliff-house, but only one of them is intact. The potterj''
from this locality is dull gray and brown in color and of crude manu-
facture, resembling that from near Magdalena, N. Mex., and stations
on the Rio Grande. The size, location, and plan of this ruin relate
it to many similar ruins in the mountains of southern New Mexico
and Arizona. Few ruins exist in the neighborhood of Datil or ap-
parently are to be found on the streams of this portion of the Datil
range, which borders the dreary San Agustin plains.
Professor De Lashmutt, of Tucson, reports a quarry of obsidian
located on the headwaters of the Gila near the San Agustin plains.
" Final Report, pt. ii. Papers of Archwological Institute of America, Am. Series, iv.
^American Anthropologist, ix, 311-313, September, 1896.
" The location of each ruin is shown on map, plate xi.
30 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
This quarry was worked by the aborigines. In the neighborhood of
the quarry is a w ailed inclosure of great extent, containing near one
side a " reservoir."
No. 2. Pueblos^ caves^ and cli'ff 'dwellings, — At Gatton's ranch, on
Sapillo creek, a branch of the Gila, Bandelier (Final Report, ii, 359)
saw a quantity of pottery and other artifacts which were taken from a
cache some time before his visit. The specimens were stated to be
like those from the Mimbres valley, which lies a few miles to the east.
The ruins along the Sapillo are small and in no respect different
from those on the headwaters of the Mimbres.
Bandelier also mentions the occurrence of caves at Mangas springs *»
(6 miles southeast of Gila, T. 16 W., R. 17 S.), from which ceremonial
objects have been taken.
No, 3. Cliff-house and cave, — On Diamond river, about 8 miles
above the mouth and 16 miles southwest of Old Camp Vincent (on
T. 14 W., R. 10 S.), are ruins located in the walls of a canyon about
30 feet above the valley. The front wall is from 15 to 18 feet long,
is built of volcanic debris laid in mud, and has timbers cemented into
the inner face. There are two rooms, one of the latter about 14
feet long by 10 feet wide. The smaller room has two loopholes and
the larger a door and window. To the right, 20 feet above, is an open
cavern, access to which can be had by rude steps.
This cave contained broken bows and arrows heaped in a pile near
the front, and Mr. Henshaw estimated that there were more than
1,000 broken shafts at this spot.^
Bandelier describes a large cliff-dwelling located near no. 3, and
gives plans and sections.
These cave dweHings are properly but one story high, but the compulsory
adaptation to the configuration of the ground has caused an accidental approach
to two stories. They are instructive for the study of the development of the
terraced house of the Pueblo Indian. Perfectly sheltered, and therefore quite
well preserved, the cave villages are perhaps larger than the open-air ruins,
compactness compensating for the limitation in space. But they illustrate the
fact that the foundations remaining of villages built in the open air are fre-
quently only those of courts or inclosures, the mounds alone indicating the
site of buildings. Of the twenty-six compartments contained in the caves on
Diamond creek only nine were clearly elevated structures, as the doorways
show ; the rest are In many cases courts of small dimensions, encompassed by
low and still perfect inclosures. The roofs are of the pueblo pattern, well
defined, but in one cave the trouble of building them was spared by completely
walling up the entrance, with two apertures for admission. The fireplace was a
rectangular hearth, as I found it at Pecos, and placed in the center of the
room.
The partition walls are of stone and laid up in adobe mud. Some of them
still preserve their outer coating of yellowish clay. Their thickness is 0.30
« Named for Mangas Coloradas, *' Red Sleeves," the famous Apache.
^Wheeler Report, Archwology, vii, 370-371, Washington, 1879.
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF QILA-SALT VALLEYS 31
meter, and the roofs were entire on Home of the rooms. Round beauia with
the barli peeled off were in a good state of preservation. The diameter of these
beams varied between 0.07 and 0.24 meter (3 to OJ Inches). The roof which
these beams supported was of the ordinary pueblo pattern and 0.23 meter
(9 inches) thick. The doorways were nearly square, and low. Air holes, T-
ahaped and of unusual size <0.95 by 1 meter), opened upon the outside In
several places.
These buildings occupy four caverns, the second of which toward the east la
10 meters high. The western cave communicates with the others only fnnii
the outside, while the three eastern ones are separated by buse pillars, behind
which are natural passages from one cave to the other. The height of the floor
.dwellings. West fork of the Gila.
above the bed of the creek is 55 meters, and the ascent is steep, in some places
barely possible. To one coming from the mouth of the cleft the caves become
visible only after he has passed them, so that they are well concealed. But
while it would be difficult for an Indian foe to take the place by storm, its
inhabitants could easily be cut off from water or starved. The southern slope,
fronting the caves. Is steep, but covered with forests, and the cleft is so nar-
row that a handful of men. armed with bows and arrows and posted behind
the tall pines, could effectively blockade the cave dwellings. WItii ail its
natural advantages, therefore, this cave village was still extremely vulnerable.
Among the many objects taken from these ruins I mention particularly
sandals made of strips of the yucca. It may be remembered that similar foot-
gear was found at the Tze'-yl (Chelly). I have been Informed that the Tara-
hutnares of southwestern Chihuahua still wear the same kind of sandals. In
BUBEIAU OF AMEBICAIf ETHNOLOQT
[Bl
, 38
addition, I saw mnny baskets or fragments ot baskets ; also prayer-plames and
ljlunie-8tlck8. Such remalue Indicate that their makers were In no manner
different from the Pueblo Indians in general culture.o
No. i. Cliff^dwellings. — These ruins are on the headwaters of the
Gila river, near Hot springs; they are accessible from Silver City.
2. PUEBLO \^BJO VALLEY
Lying south of the eastern portion of the ^Vhite Mountain reserva-
tion in Arizona, in townships 24 to 28 east and 6 and 7 south, is the
broad and fertile Pueblo Viejo valley, through which flows the Gila.
Fio. 2, Cliff-dwelling, West fork at the Gils.
The ruins of the valley, which are mainly situated on the level alluvial
lands of the river, consist, as a rule, of a central edifice, surrounded
by smaller structures. They are built usually of mud, the lower
walls having a core of water-worn bowlders with upright wooden
stakes at intervals, showing that a lighter structure supporting the
roof was continued above the basal story. As in many other sections
of the Southwest, the ruins are frequently oriented to the northeast.
Owing to the fact that this valley was early settled by white men,
the ruins have become almost obliterated, incident to the grading of
II, Papers of ArchaoJoeltvl Initilule of Am^ea, Am,
HOirOH]
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VAIiBYS
the land for irrigation, but it is apparent even to a casual observer
that the valley was extensively inhabited in former times.
The town of Solomonsville is situated in the valley on the site of
two extensive ancient ruins now leveled. There are ruins lying
Graham county. ;
higher up the valley, notably that at Olney's ranch, and that near
San Jose. The last-named ruin consists of a number of separate
buildings and one large " reservoir." On the gravel terrace also are
found numerous plots of ground from which the stones have been
picked to outline the borders of gardens.
3464— Mo. S5— 07 3
84 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 36
Near San Jose the Gila Bonita creek enters the river from the
north, and high up on this stream are houses built in niches in the
cliff. These cliff-houses were explored by Charles F, Solomon, of
Solomonsville, and Prof, W. S. Devol, of Tucson, and an account was
published in the Graham County Bulletin about 1895.
Many of the ruins in the Pueblo Viejo valley were located by Dr.
J. Walter Fewkes and the writer during the explorations of 1897."
No. 5. Pueblo. — A pueblo called Buena Vista is situated in the
vicinity of San Jos6, a village on the river above Solomonsville, Gra-
ham county, Ariz. This is a stone pueblo of many rooms arranged
around a central plaza ; it contains also detached houses and a large
r
Fio. 4, Arrow polUber, Grnbam count;. Ariz.
" reservoir." The location is a high bluff above the Gila, and appar-
ently the place was long occupied. An ancient ditch ran at the foot
of the bluff. Doctor Fewkes says:
Surrounding thl» larger stone Inclosure tbere lie at Intervals low mounds,
some of wbi<?b betray evldeni-ea of rooms, while otbera are siiii|)ly ash heaps.
Two large circular depressions, a few huodred feet from the central building, are
conspicuous. The limits of the cluster of mouDds which compose Buena Vista
could not easily be determined, and probably no two persons wonid agree upon
their extent.
The largest and most conspicuous ancient building Is an irregular stone struc-
ture which is situated somewhat i)ack from tlie edge of the hinff, and Is now
• See Txeatv-aecoad Report of Bureau of American Ethnoloffp, pt. 1. 1G8-102.
ANTIQUITIES OP GrLA-SALT VALLEYS
36
uaed (or a corral. The walls wbich composed it have tumbled down, but enough
remains to Indicate ita ancient form. Apparently It was formed of many rooms,
wbich were built about a central pidza ; stones were extenelrely used Id Its
construction.
This ruin was explored by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes in ISOT."
There are other smaller ruins near the San Jose settlement.
No. 6. Pueblo. — " Epley's " ruin, near Solomonsville, on the road to
San JoH^. This is a large adobe ruin, with high central mound. It
has been mostly leveled during agricultural operations and the mak-
ing of adobes. The site is especially rich in stone artifacts, large
quantities of which were piled about the bqrders of the space while
mucli had been carried away. They consisted of manos, metates,
grinding stones, polisliers, arrow smoothers, axes, and hammers.
Specimens of pottery were comparatively few, and usually were in the
form of mortuary vases containing charred bones,''
No, 7, Pueblo.— Ja the suburbs of Solomonsville, on the right
bank of the main inigating ditch, is a ruin which formerly was large,
but at present much of the village debris has been washed away. The
• Important collections from sttea
wrller in 1837. (See Tircwfy-sren
171-172. and plan, pi. LWi.l The
them alaplayed In the Pueblo court
' Tioeniveecond Report a[ Bnrea
S were secured by Doctoc Fewkes and the
f Uurciiti of Aratrtcnii Etiinulvgii. pt. 1,
e In the U. S. National Museuia,.many ot
B Ethnotogv. Pt- 1, 171.
36 BUHEAl' OP AMEBICAX ETHNOIXMY [hcli. 35
nioiind, however, is conipii naively intact, anj yields from time to
time ijottery aixl skeletons,"
Xo. S. Piifhfo. — Situated 7 null's soutli of Solomonsvillei on Mr.
Henry J. Olney's ranch, at the foot of Jlonnt Graham, is a niin
with stone walls. It eoiisists of several mounds along low ridges
above an aritiyo. and the site has Ux-n excavated at different points
by eiiriosity s(H'kei-s. who have exjKised a nmnber of rooms during
their work. The chief and most iuiimrtant feature of this ruin is a
splendid spring which shows at
|K)ints traces of walls by which it
was confined.
.A'o. 0. Pwbh,—Oii Peter An-
dersons farm, near Solomonsville,
two or more large adobe mounds
formerly existed, but they were
leveleil to prepare the fields for
irrigation."
-V". 10. Puehlo.—OD Lem.
I'lace's ranch, situated 2 miles
west of Solomonsville, are traces
of mounds and the Ptone cores of
walls." From this ruin a remark-
able stone tablet " of irregularly
reclanjridar form, with a bird's
head carved on one edge, and the
tail on the other." was secured
X o . 11. Pueblos , — N" ear
Tluitclier. (iraham county, 10
miles from Solomonsville. are sev-
eral sites on cultivated fields and
the ruins are mostly leveled."
Xenr Pima, which is at the west-
FiG. 6- ceremoniHi Mono siiib. st.iomonyviiie, om pud of the Valley, are Other
(irahHHi coiimy, Arii, miiw
A collection of stone implements frotu these sites was sent to the
National ilnseum by Mr. J. IT. Oiirlton U">t. no. Jt8, 613-642).
Farmers in the vicinity frequently plow up in>ttery and other relics,
and these iiiv gi'iienilly sent to the nuiseimi at Salt Lake City, Utah.
Xo. 12. PiifhJoi. — Near Old Camp (ioodwiu. (Jraham county, are
several ruins. Like most of the ruins in this part of Arizona, they
are small and ivliitively unimportiint. They are usually overgrown
with large mesqnite trees and mammoth cacti. Bandelier states that
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 37
very heavy metates of black and a roughly worked stone image were
discovered here. (Final Report, pt. ii, 411.)
No. 13. Sacrificial cave. — In the northern slope of Mount Graham
is a large cave descending into the earth abruptly by a series of off-
sets in volcanic rock. It is diiRcult to penetrate, but in some parts
the rocks have been smoothed by contact with the bodies of messen-
gers bearing offerings. Doctor Fewkes says, in reference to this cave : *
There were bushels of prayer sticks on the floor, and a few fragments of
basketry rewarded the search. The fragments of basketry were made with a
technique similar to that of the basket placques of ^ the Middle mesa. The
prayer sticks were painted red at their extremities, about the size of a pen-
holder. This cave, called Adams's cave, has been rarely visited since its dis-
covery by Mr. B. B. Adams, of Solomonsville, but will well repay a visit by an
archeologist. There is little doubt that there are other similar caves on the
northern side of the Graham mountains which have not been entered by white
men.
No. IJf. Pueblo. — Not far from Old Camp Grant is a ruin which
may be that identified by Bandelier as Chichiltic-calli, " red house,"
seen by Coronado in the year 1540. Coronado was much disappointed
to find that Chichiltic-calli —
of which so much had been told was nothing but a ruined house without roof,
which, however, appeared to have been fortified. It could be seen that this
house, built of red earth, was the work of people who were civilized and had
come from afar. . . . The name Chichi ltical6 was formerly given to this
place, because the priests found in the vicinity a house that had been inhabited
for a long time by a people that came from Cibola. The soil of that region is
red. The house was large, and appeared to have served as a fortress. It
seems it was anciently destroyed by the inhabitants. &
Bandelier says that the Sobaipuri had their villages within a short
distance of Aravaipa creek, and inclines to the belief that " red house "
was a village of this stock. Casa Grande, near Florence, he contends,
does not fulfill the conditions.
The National Museum has from the ruins at Camp Grant a col-
lection of shell ornaments, arrow points, and other relics, donated
some years ago by Chris. Nelson (cat. no. 198, 315-326).
No. 15. Pueblos. — Surg. R. T. Burr, U. S. Army, has described
ruins in White River canyon, Cochise county, Ariz., 35 miles south
of Camp Bowie. (See Smithsonian Report for 1879, 333-334.) The
ruins are of the checkerboard type, with walls of adobe and core
of bowlders. Rings 3 feet in diameter floored with flat stones exist
in the ruins.
Little is known of the ruins of Cochise county, which extends from
the southern border of Graham county to the Mexican line, beyond
the existence of small sites on the San Pedro between Benson and
" Twenty-second Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1, 177-178.
* Cibola, 160-162, quoted by Bandelier, ITinal Report, pt. ii, 408.
88 BUREATT OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY fBULL. »B
Rcdington. Urn burials hav« Innm found at Tombstone, and the
pottery IK of the cAmnni brown Pima iy\H\ The Mexican lioiindary
Commission found few ruins alon^ the Inirder. Exploration of the
region, with sfx^cial neference to the ruins along the San Pedro which
formed part of the route of the (yoronado exfjedition, is desirable.
JJ. TIIOMAH-fJARf/)H RKOION
This region may Imj considered an extension of the Pueblo Viejo
Valley region, as it is in the. same zone and shows similar artifacts.
For the purpos(5 of restricting the territory covered herein, and not to
convey the idea that a cultun^ boundary rxicurs on i\m eastern margin
of the Tonto basin, the author has assumed an arbitrary limit rimning
north along the. uplift that divides the southern course of Tonto
creek from San Carlos river.
No. 10, Pimhlo and ditch. — Eight miles south of F\)rt Thomas, (ira-
ham county, on the sr>uth side of the Ciila, there is a ruin of consider-
able size which has connected with it a ditch 1,150 feet long and 8 feet
wide, desr;ending from the bas(» of Mount (Jraham. This ditch illus-
trates a method of irrigation frcijuently pra(rtis<»d by the prehistoric
fanners of the (jrila valley and other localities, where conditions were
favorable. The Maricjripa use such acx»(juias to-day. Torrents flow-
ing from the sides of the mountains are usually af>sorl>ed in the
detrital materials at the bas<;s. To s<*cure the water, the Indians dug
a ditch, intercepting the water and leading it down to their fic^lds.
Ditches of this character ex(rited considerable disfjussion with regard
to their us<» until they were explained by Bandelier. (Final Report,
pt 11,410.)
No. n. PuMoH. — Three [lueblo ruins lying north of the (lila op-
posite no. 10 are mentioned by Bandelier. (Op. cit., 410.)
No. JH. PuehloM. — BetwcM^n Fort I'homas and San (Carlos, at the
crossing of the (iila on the Fort Apache road, are s<*veral small ruins
with connected incUwures. Bandelier des<5ril>es the walls as having
two parallel rows of stones. (Op. cit., 412.)
No. JO. Puahlo. — Five miles east of San Carlrws there is a ruin
locatcul *' in a l>ottom of similar appcjarance to all the flats or de-
pressions along the (Jila river. A tank measuring 70 fe<jt across
and incas<»d by a rim of ston<»s stands among the ruins. This feature
seems to be common in that s(»ction of Arizona. Th(; pottery is in
all points similar to that of other ruins." ( Bandelier, op. cit., 41H.)
No. 20. PmMo. — Bandelier obs(»rved the ruins at Fort Thomas and
says:
TlM-y an? dlHtlnctly of the nman-lwiiw; tyiK», ami rowH of Htoiif?H Indicating
low Inr'loHiinfH r-onniHi; t!M» nioundH tfiat denote fonner bulhUn^M. There I
ree(;lve<l the (IrMt hnprcHHion of the iiecullar crhecfkertxyard arrangement of which
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 39
I have already spoken in chapter vii, in connection with the ruins on the
Mimbres and upper Gila of New Mexico. The remains about Fort Thomas are
much decayed, so that it is almost impossible without excavation to rees-
tablish the connecting lines. It struck me that the amount of stone rubbish
lying about was quite inconsiderable, and that the mounds, though low, seemed
to consist of compact earth. This suggests the thought that the houses, except
the foundations, might have been of adobe. I was confirmed in this supposition
by descriptions which an old resident gave me of the ruins at Pueblo Viejo.
The largest mound at Fort Thomas measured 48 by 43 feet, and one of the
sides of an inclosure was 74 feet long. With these ruins there was an elliptical
depression, with raised rim or border about meters in width. The dimen-
sions of the basin or hollow were 190 by 48 feet; its depth was inconsiderable.
This structure I can only suppose to have been a tank. The artificial objects
bore the usual character, and the pottery was the same as at Fort Apache.
(Final Report, ii, 409-410.)
From a ruin near Fort Thomas the National Museum has a few
specimens which were forwarded by Dr. G. H. Moran. They consist
of stone implements, bone objects, and pottery. (Cat. no. 58, 184-
194; 58, 589-590.)
No, 21, Pueblo, — On the site of the agency buildings at San Car-
los there is an almost obliterated ruin. The school children, under
the direction of Prof. S. B. Weeks, made excavations in this site and
unearthed a number of burial urns, specimens of which are now in
the National Museum. The pottery, like that of the Pueblo Viejo
valley, is coarse brown in texture and covered with a surface wash
decorated in black and red. Bandelier says (op. cit., 412-413) :
The foundations are double in some places, in others single. The village,
which must have covered much more ground than what I could survey, was,
therefore, an aggregation of dwellings and inclosures. A mound 0.80 meter
(32 inches) high and 37 meters long by IG broad (121 by 52^ feet) is con-
nected with the other remains. Its surface is traversed by a double line of
stone walls, showing that the rubbish mass once formed a house. This feature
was new to me, and it suggested the existence of a larger central buildiiig,
perhaps artificially elevated by means of an underlying platform, and con-
nected with the rest, of the settlement by walls of courts or squares. What
few other buildings were visible were small houses resting on the level. The
rooms of these 'are large in comparison with those farther north.
No, 22, Pueblo, — At Rice school on San Carlos creek, several miles
above the agency, there is an extensive ruin on the northwest bank of
the stream, and the Indian school is located on the site. Dr. Ales
Hrdlicka informs me that ruins consisting of numerous rows of
rooms oriented to various points extend from the school buildings
north to the creek. Lines of stones (remains of house walls) and a
mound consisting of stones now in a loose mass, surrounded by rooms,
are observed here. This- mound is oval and about 30 feet long, and in
its rooms burials are found. Other burials have been located in dif-
ferent parts of the site. Cremation, and burial of the ashes in jars
40
BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
(bdll.. 35
were practiced here. In one portion of the site axes were found and
in another metates and manos. The ruin is the largest on the San
Carlos creek.
Small ruins beginning on the mesa north of the Gila extend along
the river at intervals to the Rice school. Specimens collected by the
pupils of the school are now in the National Museum.
No. 83. Pueblo. — On Ash creek, a branch of the San Carlos creek,
are small house ruins mentioned by
Bandelier. (Final Report, ii, 404.)
No. Si. Gave. — In the Nantacks, a
range of mountains lying north of
Pima, Graham county, Ariz., a cave
was discovered in 1896 by a pros-
pector. It contained many offer-
ings of pottery, arrows, arrowheads,
and beads, placed on rock ledges of
the cavern. The specimens were
coated to a depth of one thirty-
second of an inch with lime de-
posited from water, but unfortunate-
ly this coating, which fell away from
■adiness, was thoroughly removed by
the collector. One-fourth of the find was secured by Doctor Fewkes
and is now in the National Museum. A singidar effigy vase from
this cave has been made the subject of a special paper by Doctor
Fewkes, who records the object as a product of Mexican culture.
{American Anthropologist, xi, no. fi, 165, June, 1898.) The cave
was evidently one of the many subterranean places of deposit for
ceremonial offerings scattered throughout _
this region (see p. 18).
Among the offerings secured are numerous
disks, most of them worked from pottery, as
shown by the periphery, which invariably
bears evidences of rough grinding. Similar
disks are found in the debris of every ancient
pueblo ruin. It is thought that these objects
are adjuncts of games and as such they survive in Zuni j
(See Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, Zuni Games, American Anthropologist,
n. s., V, no. 3, 487, July-Sept., 1903.) The pottery, a number of
specimens of which are coiled, ridged, and decorated with impressed
designs is red-brown ware, sometimes polished, black inside, and
devoid of painted decoration. The forms are varied, but usually
small bowls, both flaring and deep and often with incurving rim,
bottles, and vases. One globular vessel is studded with small conical
Pia. 7. Human efflgj vaac.
the ves-sels with comparative
Pio. S. Indented bowL
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 41
projections. Oblong turquoise beads like the spacers in modern
Pueblo necklaces, and polished stone and shell beads were found in
profusion. A large disk of white kaolin exists in the collection.
The arrowheads are generally of obsidian, long, slender, finely
worked, and often serrated. They are evidently sacrificial, and
were made specially for offerings. The weapons and pahos were
decorated with red, green, and black paint.
II. — The San Francisco River System
The San Francisco enters the Gila a few miles south of Clifton,
Ariz. It rises in the Escudilla peak, west of Luna, N. Mex., and
describing a semicircle, joins the Gila a little west of south of its
source. It has the following principal branches: Eagle creek. Blue
river, Pueblo creek, and the Tularosa river, with its main affluent, the
Apache. The region is forested and well watered and contains
numerous antiquities, consisting of pueblos, cliff-houses, shelters,
sacrificial shrines, and petroglyphs. Everywhere, but especially along
the living streams, are indications of the presence of prehistoric
tribes, and thousands of artificial objects taken from the sites by
curiosity seekers have been scattered. During the period of the
spoliation of the ruins in the Southwest this region suffered great
injury. Some collections yet remain in the care of those interested
in archeology, notably a large number of specimens of pottery, stone
implements, and cave material, which were brought together by a
citizen of Alma, N. Mex., from the rich locality in the neighborhood
of that place. The main river from the mouth of the Blue to a
few miles below Reserve post-office has not been examined, but numer-
ous caves and village sites are reported. Generally, wherever white
men have selected desirable spots to locate, it will be found that the
earlier inhabitants had previously chosen with equal wisdom these
spots for their villages. The Indians, however, often built in can-
yons, like that of the San Francisco, where only a small patch of
ground could be had for cultivation. On Pueblo creek, a stream
flowing into the San Francisco near Alma, is one of the best pre-
served cliff-dwellings, and there are also sacrificial caves to be found
in this region. Northeast of the mouth of Pueblo creek are many
ruins, especially those near Reserve post-office (Frisco). Above
Reserve the river cuts through the San Francisco range, forming a
vast canyon, w^hich has never been penetrated by man. The ruins
situated along the San Francisco from Reserve to its source and those
on its upper branches are described in this paper. As stated above,
the course of the San Francisco farther down, to the mouth of the
Blue, remains for further examination.
42 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
1. EAGLE CREEK
Eagle creek is a small stream flowing southward from the Prieto
plateau and entering the San Francisco where the latter unites with
the Gila. Its valley is very narrow, widening in only a few places.
Owing to the character of the rock through w^hich it flows there are
numerous caves in its canyon walls. Most of these caves have not
been inhabited, but some of them show considerable deposits of house
refuse.
At the Double Circle ranch are reported a number of rectangular
stone pueblos which have not been explored.
No, 2f). Care, — Twenty, miles northwest of Clifton, Ariz., and
one-half mile up a small lateral branch of Eagle creek is a cave that
has been inhabited. Explorations conducted here by D. B. Horton,
of Detroit, Mich., yielded sandals, cloth, feather cord, basketry, and
pottery, and the specimens were sent to the National Museum by the
• collector. From time to time evidences of the use of some of the
Eagle Creek caves by the Apaches have come to light. A number of .
the characteristic pitched water bottles (tos) used by this tribe have
been procured frgm the caves, and several specimens are in the posses-
sion of Hon. Mark J. Egau, of Clifton. The extremely secluded and
hardly accessible valley of Eagle creek would render it an ideal
hiding place. 8o far as known, with the exception of Mr. Horton's
exploration of a few caves, no examination of the sites has been made.
2. BLUE RIVER
Parallel with the Eagle, the Blue river runs in its narrow canyon,
joining the San Francisco about 16 miles northeast of Clifton. One
branch of the upper Blue runs southeast from White mountain, and
this branch is perhaps the true head, as it always carries water.
The north head of the Blue is found in the Mesa Prieta, about 7
miles southwest of Luna, a town on the San Francisco river. The
ruins along the Blue are located on terraces above the stream, near
lands suitable for cultivation; they are rectangular stone pueblos,
and are generally accompanied with square kivas. Numerous small
pueblos are also found on the creeks flowing into the Blue, but there
are few caves, because the rock is not of the character to permit this
kind of erosion.
There is abundant water in this valley, and the climate is equable,
so that agriculture could have been carried on by the Indians with
the greatest returns. Although the valuable farming land was limited
the pueblos are, in the main, large and from various evidences were
long inhabited.
From Clifton, Ariz., along the San Francisco to a short distance
above the mouth of the Blue there are a few ruins of the rectangular
pueblo type, which are noted under nos. 26-32 in the following pages.
hough]
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS
43
Fig. 9. Sketch map of Blue river, Arizona, showing location of ruins.
44 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHKOLOGY [bcu.. 85
No. 26. Pueblo.— This ruin is located on the bluff overlookiag the
town hospital of Clifton, Ariz. Rough volcanic rocks a1m<^ cover
the site, and among them the rooms were built without attempt at
orderly arrangement. Some of the dwellings were formed by pick-
ing out loose masses of lava from a small area and piling them up
around the sides to build the walls.
The pottery is chiefly brown, and consists o£ bowls with fillet rims
and vessels with coiled or rugose surfaces. Some excavation has
been attempted here by citizens of Clifton. At the foot of the bluff
on which the ruin is located petroglyphs representing the sun, serpent,
water, and other objects, have been pecked on a smooth rock face.
No. S7. /'M^ft^o.— Opposite
the Potter ranch, 2i miles
northeast of Clifton, the low
mounds of a ruin may be seen
occupying a point overlook-
ing the San Francisco, whose
valley here contains many
■jcres of fertile land. Exca-
vations undertaken by sev-
eral persons, have brought to
light a few artifacts which
are similar to those found
in the ruin at Clifton. The
metates on this site are of the
usual oblong shape, and some
of the pottery shards fur-
nish examples of excellent
coiling.
No. 28. Pueblo.— Tvo and
one-half miles above no. 27,
and approximately the same
size, is a ruin located on a
mesa, across which at the rear
of the pueblo nins a dry-laid stone wall. It is reported that crema-
tion burials have been unearthed on this site.
No. 29. Pueblo. — At the junction of the Blue and San Francisco
rivers, IC miles above Clifton, there is a ruin lying one-eighth of a
mile west of Carpenter post-office. It consists of rectangular rooms
forming one large house group and several small ones irregularly
arranged on the level summit of a bluff. There are two shrines on
the edge of the bluff, which is walled in several places. The ceme-
tery has numerous dry walls in the ground, and these structures are
evidently not the foundations of houses. The burials were made
among these walls and the bodies were laid out full length. The
outh of Blue tirei.
ANTIQUITIES OF GIIA-SALT VALLEYS
45
pottery is of three varieties — gray, coiled brown with polished bltick
interior, and coiled. Many of the specimens of the gray ware have
the form of birds and animals.
No. SO, Walled cave. — On the San Francisco 1^ miles above the
mouth of the Blue is a well-preserved cave house or walled cave. It
is formed in a stratum of yellow tufa, at an elevation of about 500
feet above the river, and opens on a sloping ledge which tops a sheer
cliff. The cave is about 15 feet deep and is closed by a neatly laid
wall. The narrow'Hoor, doorstep, and the wooden lintel are still intact.
Some debris remains on the floor of the cave, but all artifacts have
been taken away by relic hunters. Adjoining the cave on the east is
an oval recess having in the floor a number of holes. This milling
room is decorated with a rain-cloud design in red ocher.
One hundred yards southeast of this site is a large cavate shelter
showing no traces of houses, but containing quantities of flint flakes,
fragments of rather good pottery, and other evidences of human
occupancy.
No. 31. Pueblo. — ^This large ruin is located on the terrace opposite
the Stockton ranch house, about one-half mile from the ruins just
described. It was a polygonal stone pueblo, made up of several
house masses irregularly disposed along the back of the level terrace,
leaving a plaza 100 feet deep in front of the houses. On the plaza
46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
are several circular stone-walled " wells " 3 feet in diameter. The
shards thickly strewn on the site are brown, red, and gray varieties
of pottery of the better class. Full-grown mesquite trees flourish in
the ruins of the houses.
No. 32. Cave shrine.— In a cliff on the south bank of the San Fran-
cisco, about 1 mile below the Stockton ranch, there is a shallow two-
story cave formed by erosion. The upper story of the cave contains
a large quantity of broken and decayed arrows, bows, and other
relics of ceremonial deposits, but the lower stor^ is washed by the
river during high water, and therefore contains no artifacts.
A'o. S3. Pueblo. — Near Pigeon creek, a branch of the Blue entering
, Mining
that stream 9 miles above the mouth, is a small rectangular stone ruin
located on the wide flat above the river. The ground plan is per-
fectly regular and homogeneous and gives the impression that the
ancient Pueblos when they erected buildings on smooth, level ground
laid them out with geometric accuracy.
No. 34. Pueblo. — On the ea.st bank of the Blue, 12 miles from the
mouth and IJ miles south of the Fred Fritz ranch, is a stone pueblo,
the northwest corner of which is rounded like a bastion. The ruin is
located on a broad river terrace and consists of a number of rooms
built around a court. It measures 100 feet north and south and 75
feet east and west. On the smooth plaza in front of the ruin are two
circular " wells " and three shrines, the latter lying a short distance
Hi
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS
47
from the southeast corner of the building No kiva was otfeerved on
this site. Many flakes of pure white chert and numerous shards of
black, gray, red, and brown pot-
tery are scattered around the ruin.
Coiled pottery with scratched or-
namentation appears to hare been
prevalent here.
On the terrace below the ruin
just described there is a smaller
ruin consisting of a few houses the
foundations of which are scarcely
traceable. In spite of the inacces-
sibility of these ruins they have been found and disturbed by relic
hunters.
No. 35. Caves. — On the west side of Blue river, opposite the J. S-
Johnson ranch, 5 miles above no, 34, are several caves, two of which,
» Plan ol mlUinK ci
located in the summit of a high point overlooking the gorge of a tor-
rent, have been occupied. The upper cave has a small, inconspicuous
opening of circular shape looking out on a narrow ledge hundreds of
feet in the air above the stream bed. The opening is just large
enough for the passage of a person wriggling through, and the sides
are worn smooth by tlie struggles of those who entered at former
48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
times. The cave consists of a number of low chambers extending 50
feet into the rock. Beneath the rear chamber is a room which is ven-
tilated by means of a chimney built on the floor of the upper chamber^
The interior of the cave is blackened with smoke and the floor is
strewn with large rocks, between which have been placed great num-
bers of bows, arrows, carved staffs, cigarettes of cane, and beads, such
as are found in ceremonial caverns of this region.
This cave was discovered two years ago by a prospector, and sub-
sequently thoughtless persons took from it quantities of painted bows
and arrows, which they abandoned on the ledge to be destroyed by the
elements.
Beneath the cave described is another, which was discovered by
the Museum-Gates expedition of 1905. It consists of a single cham-
ber piled almost roof high with red dust and the droppings of rodents.
Many artificial objects of great interest were found in these caves.
No, 36, Cliff -dwellings, — Near the Johnson Ranch house are the
remnants of an extensive village located under a great mass of over-
hanging rock. Unfortunately the site has been inclosed as a goat
corral, and the animals, in conjunction with man, have almost oblit-
erated the ruin. The remaining walls are of small flat "stones laid in
mud, and they still retain the plastering with which they were cov-
ered. On the talus of the ruin are many fragnjents of pottery and
chert, and during farming operations several years ago some skele-
tons were disturbed in the debris. (PI. i.)
N'o, 37, Puehlo, — On the " saddle " above the Johnson Ranch house
the faint outlines of a large pueblo may be traced. The site is very
irregular, being broken by fantastic masses of rock. The bulk of the
village was located therefore on the north slope, which is compara-
tively smooth. Numerous houses were also located in nooks under the
cliffs, and some of the spaces between huge blocks of fallen rocks were
walled up to form habitations. Great quantities of fragments of
good pottery are scattered about, and many flakes of a white stone,
resembling novaculite, derived from a neighboring hill, were observed.
That this imposing rocky point was an important center of ancient
pueblo activity is apparent from the large body of excellent agri-
cultural land in the vicinity, which can be irrigated with but little
labor.
No, 38, Cave, — One and one-half miles above the Johnson ranch,
on the east bank of the Blue, is a cave located near the bed of the
stream. The very high water of February, 1905, soaked its con-
tents, rendering them useless for purposes of investigation. The de-
posit of refuse is large and consists of ashes mingled with fragments
of basketry, sandals, and many other objects cast away by the former
inhabitants.
BJREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOOV
BULLETIN 35 PLATE 1
'■.St--""' '"■ ■ \
*•? ;/^.
HOUQH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 49
No. 39. Cave. — At Robert Bell's ranch, near the mouth of Squaw
creek, a cave said to have been inhabit«d is reported, but no examina-
tion of the site has been made.
No. Jfi. Pueblo. — On the terrace opposite the Lovelady ranch, on
Stray Horse creek, 27 miles above the mouth of the Blue, are the re-
mains of a large, well-planned pueblo. This is the most extensive
ruin in the neighborhood of Bear Creek ceremonial cave, described
under no. 43. It measures 225 feet by 220 feet and is not of the com-
pact variety {see plan, fig. 15) . The site is covered with large Juniper
trees, some of which, of advanced age, have taken root in the aban-
I. Ruin on Lovelady
doned houses. Among the trees on the outskirts of the ruin is a stone
pillar, which was evidently set up by the inhabitants of the village, but
for what purpose is not apparent. Tentative excavation here brought
to light several skeletons (fig. 10), but no pottery or other objects had
been deposited with them ; the shards on the surface of the ground,
however, are of the usual Blue Eiver type.
No. il. Caoe. — On Tornado creek, l\ miles above the Lovelady
ranch, there is a cavern divided into rooms by thin walls of ston&
The ceiling of the cave is low, and the floor is not much above level
of the stream, which occasionally flushes a portion of it. Some pot-
tery was taken from this cave by persons living in the neighborhood.
3454— No. 35—07 4
50
BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
[BULL. 35
No. 42. Pueblo. — Two small sites exist on spurs jutting out into
the farm land of J. H. T. Cosper, 28J miles above the mouth of the
Blue and 15 below Blue post-office. There are about 10 house plans
on each site. Several other small pueblos exist in this vicinity, two
of them on the west side of the river opposite Bear creek and one
on the east bank. A small cave may be seen in the cliff one-eighth of
a mile below Gosper's house.
No. J^S. Sacrificial cave. — This cavern, which is locally called Mon-
tezuma's cave, is on Bear creek, near the Cosper ranch. Bear creek
emerges between two lofty, massive, basalt-capped buttes of strange
form that stand like monuments on the east side of the Blue. These
W^^^^^'^^'^^^^^
o
^^HM^Ji
ItlOf'
SHRINK OR
riRePL^CE
>Jw■S■•■;^^'•"v:'"■•'•"^•■V^vN.*V^**t**^V;af
Fig. 15. Plan of ruin on Lovelady ranch, Blue river.
pinnacles are fitting portals to a canyon which, though short and
shut in by very steep walls, contains natural scenery worthy of the
highest admiration for its combined beauty and grandeur.
The impressive character of this section of Blue river, which shows
on every hand evidences of tremendous plutonic activit}'^, can be
scarcely paralleled in any other portion of the Gila-Salt region, and
perhaps the ancient Indians were influenced by these circumstances
to select it as a central sacred place. Besides, the canyon of Bear
creek was inaccessible except over a single trail, which could be and
actually was closed by a stone wall pierced by a narrow passage; it
had cool water and abundant shrubbery, and was in every respect an
ideal place of mystery^
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SA1.T VALLEYS
51
High up in the wall of the canyon, at 1^ miles distance from the
Blue, is a great cave whose portal is a low uniform arch 60 feet wide
opening on a ledge 15 feet wide. The cave has a floor area of about
10,000 square feet embraced in a front section semicircular in shape
and a rear section which extends diagonally to the west. Owing to
the large entrance the front cave is well lighted, but the rear cave is
dark and inhabited by bats. The ceiling is in the form of a dome
about 12 feet high, and from the sides spring curves which merge into
the ceiling and have the appearance of massive groining. The floor .
is covered with a large deposit of gravel mingled with dust and the
excreta of animals. In this debris there were found numerous pits
about 3 feet square, each a shrine in which were placed ceremonial
offerings. Immense quantities of such objects had been deposited
here, and the whole mass of debris averaging 2 feet in depth was fllled
with them. In the upper portion of the mass the offerings were
intact, but lower down they had disintegrated. The offerings were
bows and arrows of natural size and in miniature, painted rods,
carved staffs, baskets, tablets, Sutes, beaded flutes, cane cigarettes,
pahos of many kinds, torches, models of clothing, cloth, colored cord,
sandals, beads, game dice, votive pottery, and many other objects.
52
BUREAU OF. AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
This, the greatest of all known ceremonial caves in the Southwest,
was discovered accidentally about eleven years ago, and since that
time much of its valuable material has been carried away by visitors
and much destroyed by individuals who dug niter from the rear cave.
Visitors were accustomed to provide light for examination of the cave
by burning such offerings as could be gathered together for the pur-
pose, and it is only because the accumulation of materials was so great
and visitors not numerous that anything remained here for science.
There are other large caverns near the Montezuma cave, but these
were not utilized by the Indians. The single trail and entrance to
the canyon are guarded by a wall having a gateway, and among the
rocks at this point may be seen traces of house plans. Just beneath
the capstone of the pinna-
cles which stand at the en-
trance of Bear creek are
small cliff-houses (pi. ii),
and on the now inaccessible
apex of the north spur are
cairns and fragments of
stone causeways once
thrown across fissures in the
rock.
Everywhere in the canyon
and neighborhood are traces
of the presence of man in
the fragments of pottery
and obsidian scattered over
the ground, and it appears certain from all considerations that this
locality was the ceremonial center which drew worshipers from pueb-
los throughout a large region.
No. 44- Cave. — In the box canyon 6 miles above Gosper's is a small
cave in the bluff, about 20 feet above the road. It contains a frame-
work of posts and rafter poles and is divided into two rooms by a
stone wall. In the cave are great quantities of debris, as vegetal sub-
stances, bones, and other refuse, rejected by the inhabitants.
No. 45- Pueblo. — This pueblo is on the west side of Blue river,
near the mouth of Fish-hook creek, C miles below Blue post-office.
It is located on the high terrace above the river, is built of stone,
and consists of two rectangular sections. It has a circular depres-
sion near the south end. Judging from the condition of the ruin
and the advanced decomposition of the building stone of which it
was constructed, this pueblo is very ancient. The fragments of pot-
tery, obsidian, and chert lying about the site are abundant and of
good quality.
Fig. it. riaa of Bear Creek
hooohJ antiquities OP QILA-SALT VALLEYS 68
No. ^6. Pueblo. — On John Castos's ranch, IJ miles above the last
location and north of Grant canyon, there is a large stone pueblo
located on the mesa north of the creek.
!fo. i7. Pueblo. — This pueblo lies 1 mile southeast of the George
Thompson farm on the high hills above the river.
No. 1,8. Pueblo. — Located on the west side of the river between
the Thompson and Cornet farms, 5 miles south of Blue post-office.
The site is a high terrace above the river, and the ruins consist of
several house masses, of which the plans may easily be traced It is
very extensive, and the largest house mass is situated on a high
vantage point overlooking the marshy land of the river bottom.
The ruin is one of an important group of 5 located on this terrace;
a description of the others follows in nos. 49 and 50.
No. i9. Kioa. — This remarkable ruin consists of a chamber 60
feet square, and at present 5 feet deep, sunk in the level terrace.
The sides are laid up with stone built on a slight slant, and a graded
way 10 feet wide, paved with slabs, leads down into the kiva. The
entrance is located on the east side, and the debris near the opening
seems to be that of guardrooms. This is the first structure of this
chai-acter found on the Blue above the mouth, and presumably it
was the kiva of the Foot Creek group.
54
BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGV
No. 50. Pueblo. — The remaining numbers of the Foot Creek group
are three rectangular stone pueblos of fair size occupying sites north
of the kiva (no. 4i)). They are built of slabs of gray volcanic rock,
which is found abundantly in the vicinity.
No. 51. Oaves. — There are three small caves in the canyon wall on
the west side of the Blue near the mouth of the Foot and Lamphre
creeks. They were anciently used by men as shelters, but in recent
times they have been bear dens.
No. 53. Pctroglyphs. — These figures represent bear tracks, deer,
men, dragon flies, stars, and other objects pecked in the face of the
rock near Heniy Jones's ranch, 4J miles below Blue post-office.
No. SS. Pneblon. — These ruins, several in number, are in the neighbor-
hood of Henry Jones's ranch, and
one of them is close to the dwell-
ing house. They are of the usual
rectangular plan and present no
unusual features.
No. Si. PueMo. — The location
is a ridge near the cultivated
fields of the Jackson farm, 3^
miles south of Blue post-office.
The ruin is large, of rectangular
plan, and of gray stone. The site
contains little rubbish and the
stones of the fallen walls arc
scarcely weathered; the ruin to
all appearance is more recent than
Fiu. 19. AffiomWy kiva ol group near Thompson any other On the Blue. Somo
arm, ixe r vir. years ago men engaged in cutting
a ditch along the margin of this site unearthed a skeleton and pieces
of pottery.
No. 55. Pueblo. — This is a small ruin SJ miles south of Blue post-
office, located on a bench above the river between Cedar Spring creek
and Brush ci-eek. The pueblo is small, rectangular, and stone built.
Numerous fragments of pottery and other material, together with
stone chips, are scattered over the site.
No. 56. Pueblo. — Near the Thomas farm, Z^ miles south of Blue
post-office, is a ruin of medium size, placed on the second terrace above
the river. It is i-ectangular in plan, built of stone, and well located.
A large open area in front of the pueblo is level and contains many
fragments of pottery and obsidian. This ruin has never been
excavated.
No. 57. Pitehlo. — On Brush creek, about 2 miles above its junction
with Blue river, there is reported a i-ectangular stone ruin.
HOnoH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 55
No, 58. Pueblo, — On the Snyder farm, 2J miles south of Blue
post-oflSce, is a rather large rectangular stone pueblo lying in the
slope above the county road. This pueblo, on account of its contracted
site, is rather coriipact. No excavation has been made here.
No, 69, Pueblo, — Near the schoolhouse, 2 miles south of Blue post-
office, is a small stone pueblo. A few years ago some pottery and
skeletons were found on the site after high water in the river had car-
ried away a portion of the terrace. This is the only pueblo seen in
the mountain region which shows a lack of judgment in choice of
location.
No, 60. Pueblo, — Situated about 1^ miles south of Blue post-office,
opposite the Adair place (T. 3, R. 31 E.), is a small rectangular
pueblo, 50 by 75 feet, with 16 large rooms. The small stream called
Indian creek enters the Blue at this point, and the ruin is located
on a second terrace above the river. On the rocks through which the
stream breaks are well-executed petroglyphs, consisting of bear tracks
and symbolic designs. Indian creek was probably the route of an
early trail to the mountains west of the Blue river.
^o. 61. Puehlo. — About three-fourths of a mile up Indian creek is
a group of three rectangular stone pueblos of medium size, lying on
the south bank of the stream. These ruins are respectively 100 and
200 yards apart on the gradually ascending terrace. The uppermost
ruin is located on a stratum of rock. Some years ago a skeleton and a
few specimens of pottery were found on the south side of the upper
ruin by James S. Johnson.
No. 62. Pueblo. — At Blue post-office, Graham county, is an impor-
tant ruin situated on a point just back of the residence of C. B. Martin.
This point is the extremity of the river terrace which extends to the
base of the high hill standing south of Centrefire creek. The four
house groups constituting the ruin are crowded together on the pro-
longation of the terrace, from which a good view may be obtained
of the cultivated fields along the river immediately north and south
of this location. The decay of the houses has produced mounds
which at present stand several feet above the terrace level, but so
great quantities of the building stones have been removed from
the site for employment in the construction of Mr. Martin's houses
that the plan of the ruins is difficult to trace. Aged alligator juniper
trees grow in the ruins and give one the impression that the pueblos
were abandoned many centuries ago. Only two shrines were ob-
served in the vicinity of the ruin. They consist respectively of a stone
ring and a pile of small angular and waterworn stones.
Back of the village the terrace expands into a broad and level area,
gently rising to the base of the malpais-capped hill which bounds
the river valley on the west. Much of this space was devoted to the
exterior cemetery, which begins close under the walls of the houses.
56
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
The soil is deep and rich, having been formed by an accumulation of
house refuse, now mostly disintegrated, reaching to a, depth of 6 feet
at some points. The roots of large juniper trees have penetrated the
soil and disrupted many of the interments. Well to the rear of the
cemetery is the ruin of a large square kiva like the one near Foot
creek, described in no. 49. In front of the kiva the house refuse
is deep and contains many fragments of pottery, but no interments
had been made in this portion of the site. The cemetery con-
tained many burial walls, a feature which seems to be common in
this region. About 4 feet beneath the surface on the north side of
the cemetery was found a metate set up on a base of stones, neatly
plastered on the exterior, and surrounded with a rim of clay. (PI. iii.)
A hand stone accompanied the metate, and it is presumed that the
apparatus was connected with mortuary rites. The majority of the
interments were at full length, and in nearly every case objects of
pottery, stone, and shell were deposited with the dead. In the spaces
between the houses and also in many of the rooms there were inter-
ments.
In the immediate neighborhood of the Blue ruin are a number of
small sites, several of them lying on the slope north of Centrefire
creek, and others on the east and west sides of the river below the
village.
Extensive excavations were carried on here by the Museum-Gates
expedition of 1905, through the courtesy of Mr. Charles B. Martin,
aooQH] ANTIQUITIES OP QILA-SALT VaU-EYS 57
the owner of the land. The specimens secured are in the National
Museum.
No. 63. Pueblo. — Near the month of the Campbell branch of the
Blue river and on a point back of " Bobby " Jones's house, miles
above Blue post-office, there is a rectangular pueblo of g«KMi size.
Other small ruins occur along the road leading over the plateau to
Luna.
3. PUEBLO CREEK
Pueblo creek is a small stream flowing southeast from the Mesa
Prieta, through very broken country, into the San Francisco river a
few miles above Alma, N. Mex. Its valley furnishes no agricultural
land, and it is probable that the evidences of habitation there indi-
cate only a temporary or jwriodieal occupancy for ceremonial observ-
ances or for hunting. The artificial objects found are similar to
those observed in the neighboring regions.
No. 64- Cave. — On Pueblo creek, Socorro county, N. Mex., 9 miles
southeast of Blue, Ariz., and in the Gila River forest reserve, is a
larger cave under the huge cliffs of Saddle mountain. Although
quite difficult of access, it was entered some years ago by John Gosper,
who found bows, arrows, painted tablets, and other objects arranged,
according to his description, in orderly manner around the walls of
the cavern. He also states that the floor was clean, and it waa
58 BUfiEAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bdli.. SC
thought that the place had been used by the Indians as an armory.
There is, however, no reason to believe that the cave was used for
other purpose than for sacrificial offerings.
No. 65. Cliff -dwelling 8. — In the canyon of Pueblo creek, at the
locality called Henkei park, 10 miles southeast of Blue, Ariz., is a
row of small cliff-dwellings. These dwellings are practically intact,
biit are said to have been cleared of relics. One room in this series
has been artificially excavated in the soft rock.
At Alma, near the mouth of Pueblo creek on the San Francisco
river, numerous sites have been reported, and south along the river
at Lone Pine and "Whitewater are several larger and other smaller
ruins.
4. LDNA VALLEY
This beautiful valley, which is watered by the San Francisco river,
lies on the western confines of Socorro county at an elevation of about
S,000 feet above sea level. It was settled some thirty years ago by
Mexicans of the well-known Luna family, but the early settlers were
driven away by Apache depredations which resulted in considerable
loss of life. Later the valley was occupied by Mormons, who located
their farms on the fertile lands and built the town of Luna. The
valley is a typical basin of the high mountain plateaus. It is rimmed
on the north side by basaltic cliffs and bounded on the south side by
gently sloping hills, which rise to the divide between the San Fran-
cisco and Blue rivers. At the east end of the basin the river enters
?, box canyon, emerging some 5 miles below Los Lentes valley (Spur
ranch).
The ruins of Luna valley consist of artificial caves in the rim and
in the walls of the canyon and rectangular or polygonal stone puehlos
in the open country. The pueblos are generally locat«d on the second
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 59
terrace above the river and are built in connection with a square
kiva, like those which are found on Blue river some 25 miles south of
Luna valley.
Two other anomalous ruins of great interest have been discovered in
Luna valley. The site of one of these shows on its smooth surface no
trace of its former occupancy except small fragments of brown pot-
tery. It has been found, however, that the ruin consists of a number of
circular semisubterranean houses. This ruin covers manv acres and is
apparently of great antiquity. Another remarkable ruin is found in
the canyon east of Luna, where numerous walls, mounds of stone, and
like evidences of human labor exist, but the site does not contain any
fragments of pottery or flint which invariably were found in ruins
heretofore examined.
Fig. 2li. Sketch of location of ruins near Luna, N. Mex. : a, b, c, rf, e, rectangular stone
pueblos ; f, village of pit-houses.
Ruins are reported on the high mountains at the source of the San
Francisco river, and there is said to be on Mount Thomas a sand altar
containing many beads of different colors." From the elevated region
to the west the Indians obtained abundance of copper carbonate
which they used as a pigment.
No, 66, Village site, — Three hundred yards west of the store at
Luna is a large tract of almost level land, lying above and below the
main high level ditch and west of a small " wash " separating the store
from the Thompson house. Many acres of this land are covered with
fragments of coarse, brown, undecorated pottery, among which occurs
rarely a fragment of cream-color ware with waved or linear decora-
"The Pueblo Indians to this day deposit offerings In shrines on the summits of high
mountains, and beads are the customary sacrifice.
60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bbli.. 35
tion in brown pigment. The surface of the site gives no indication
of habitation nor are any building stones to be seen. (Fig, 23, /.)
In cutting the main ditch a number of years ago a skeleton, accom-
panied with rude pottery, was found here. It was ascertained by the
Museum-Gates expedition of 1905, through test excavations and a
close examination of the ground, that this site was once occupied by
circular subterranean houses, nearly all superficial traces of which
have disappeared, the soil having been slowly leveled by natural
agencies. It is believed that the ruin is very old and that it antedates
the stone pueblos of this region. Two other ruins of this character
lie about S miles north of Luna, at the Funderburg and Stevens
cienagas, (See nos. 74, 75.)
No. 67. Pueblo. — This pueblo is located one-half mile northwest
of the store at Luna, on a rocky point back of the Thompson pasture-
It is a rectangular stone pueblo,
with very little debris surroimd-
ing it. (Fig. 23, e.)
No. 6S. Puehlo.—One - half
inile southwest of Luna, among
the pines on the rocky second
terrace above the San Francisco
river, is a pueblo measuring 120
feet north and south and 125
feet east and west. The west
end consists of an L-shape
courtyard, bounded by rooms of
large size built around a circu-
lar depression. Nothing reward-
ed excavation here, and from
appearances the ruin was not
long inhabited.
No. 69. Pueblo. — One mile west of Luna on the first terrace above
the San Francisco river, on land of Charles Adair, there is a rectangu-
lar stone pueblo in extreme decay. The cemetery is on the southwest
side of the pueblo and the burials are in very hard ground.
No. 70. Pueblo. — Two miles west of Luna on the Old Adair place
there is a large stone-built pueblo, situated on the second terrace
above the San Francisco river. (Fig. 23, a.) The house plans
are almost indistinguishable under the great mass of debris of decayed
walls, but the exterior stepped (polygonal) outline may be traced.
The ruin measures 180 feet east and west, and 110 feet north and
south ; the west half of the pueblo is solidly built.
The northeast section has a kiva 30 feet square with an entrance,
on either side of which is a room, and adjoining this kiva is a circu-
lar depression 30 feet in diameter. In front of these depressions lies
ANTIQUITIES OF QIIA-SALT VALLEYS
61
a cemetery and back of them is a row of rooms which forms the
northern boundary of the pueblo. The bodies were buried at fidl
length ; the pottery is of Blue River type and shows considerable
variety of form. This pueblo was evidently the most important of
those in the neighborhood of Luna.
No. 71. Pueblo. — ^West of Luna 2^ miles, on the south bank of the
San Francisco, and to the east of the road to Alpine, is a small ruin
of a pueblo, which was built of stone. It is said that a skeleton was
unearthed here in digging the ditch which traverses a field below the
ruin. Burials are frequently discovered in many sections of the
Southwest through fanning and irrigation operations.
No. 72. Cdce.— Below Luna, on the south side of the canyon about
1 mile from the entrance and located high up in the basalt diff, is a
cave which was entered a short time ago by Mr. Thompson, of Luna,
who found a pottery vase. In the basalt rim around Luna valley
also are several small caves, which
.have been found to contain sacri-
ficial bows, arrows, cigarettes, and
other customary offerings.
No. 73. Pueblo.— On the south
side of the canyon, about 1^ miles
below the cave (no. 72) , are numer
ous house plans, concavities, and
lines of rock piles, occupjmg the
narrow bench above the ri\er and
extending one-quarter of a milt
along the canyon. The stones em-
ployed by the builders have been
almost weathered away, and it is
remarkable also that a diligent
search for hours failed to yield a trace of pottery, flint chips, or any
evidence of human occupancy of the site, although the surface of the
ground was bare. This interesting ruin is enigmatic, since the ab-
sence of pottery aroimd a structure of this character in the South-
west is exceptional. One might suggest that these extensive con-
structions were made by a people unacquainted with the use of
pottery. As it was not feasible to conduct excavations on this site,
the problem of this ruin may be reserved for later investigation.
S. LOS LENTES VALLEY
East of Luna about 7 miles is IjOs Lentes valley, a deep basin
about 4 miles long, across the lower end of which runs the San Fran-
cisco river. It is evident that in earlier times this basin was a lake
and later a cienaga. It lies under the San Francisco range, is quite
. 2a. Plan of rulQ A, 1
62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BOhU. 33
isolated, and it has on its northern margin in the neighborhood of
50 ruins, consisting mainly of shallow, circular depressions termed
" reservoirs." Nearly all these ruins are oriented to the northeast.
On the principal ruin are located the buildings of the Spur ranch."
(See no. 77.)
A perennial stream called the Rita Blanca enters Txis Lentes valley
from the north, breaking through a malpais mesa. In its canyon,
about one-half mile above the ranch house, is a row of small cliff-
dwellings, a large portion of which has been destroyed by falls of
rock from the overhanging cliff. To the north this stream widens out
into several ample valleys, containing a number of ruins.
,^|SS>^|t*#***^^%s^
About a mile west of the ranch house is a ruin located on a terrace
above a cienaga. This ruin is remarkable in having been built upon
an earlier ruin, in which the houses were circular and semisubter-
ranean; on sand hills at the head of this cienaga is a village con-
taining only houses of the circular type.
In the springs of Los Lentes valley are found many bead offerings,
especially in the hot spring in the canyon of the river to the south-
oast of the ranch. In one of the ruins, lying above an arroyo which
descends from the Freeborn mountains, human remains were found
in clean gravel at a depth of 8 feet, under a layer of hard-jointed
clay; hence it would appear that this burial was of great antiquity.
r was permitted to ezca-
HOUGH]
ANTIQUITIES OP GILA-SALT VALLEYS
03
!> I'D
.^e rncrs
•"•^.>;
STO
\\.
•-. o
O
^... >*fe'
X
w^*-*
%:-N
Accompanying the remains were fragments of deer bones and rude
flint chips. These remains, together with the presence of semisub-
terranean houses, render this valley and the neighboring Luna valley
extremely interesting to the archeologist.
Los Lentes valley, except on the south, is particularly isolated, and
it is here that one would expect to find remains of a tribe or tribes
left unhindered to pursue a normal development, in the ruder stages
depending for subsistence chiefly on game and at a lat^r stage, with
a knowledge of the agriculture of maize, using this cereal as an
economical basis of support. The remains show, however, that the
ruder pit-dwelling tribes of the valley were superseded by tribes from
the south, who built rectangular pueblos of stone.
No, 71^, Village site. — At the head of Stevens cienaga, 2 miles west
of Spur ranch, on a sandy point of a ridge sloping down to the level
sagebrush land, is a ruin con-
sisting of numerous circular
depressions distributed over a
large area of graded ground.
No building stone was em-
ployed here, but much earth
debris intermingled with arti-
facts covers the site. Frag-
ments of brown, cream-color,
gray, and coiled pottery, to-
gether with obsidian and chert,
were found scattered over the
ruin, and among these are
masses of burnt clay, bearing
impressions of roof material.
About 120 yards to the north-
west of the ruin is a rectangu-
lar structure of four rooms; this is situated among the pine trees, and
no fragments of pottery are to be found around it.
No. 75. Puehlo. — On the border of the Stevens cienaga, 1 mile west
of Spur ranch, there is a rather large rectangular stone pueblo situ-
ated on a terrace above the spring in the cienaga. It consists of a
cluster of contiguous ^rooms partly on level ground and partly on the
slope of the terrace. Adjoining it is a circular depression 50 feet
in diameter, and to the south are two detached houses, each containing
several rooms.
On the west and southwest sides of the pueblo are graves, the cen-
tral portion of this cemetery being used for the burial of children.
During the excavations here several circular semisubterranean houses
(like those of no. 74) were discovered.
*"'*
o
o
o
''//<:'""•/>„..
->/.■■;%.■■
Fig. 27. Plan of ruin, at head of Stevens cienaga,
showing pit-houses and grading.
luperimpmeilonpii-dwelllnga.
64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [buli. 36
No. 76. Pueblos. — Small pueblos occur in the pine forest south of
the Spur Ranch valley. They consist of two or more rooms and
are not so numerous as those
on the north side. Simihir
sites may be seen in the woods
which extend between this
place and Luna.
No. 77. Pueblo.— On the
west side of Rita Blauca, near
its mouth, is situated the chief
ruin existing in this locality.
This ruin is made up of a
number of polygonal house
masses ranged on the gen-
tle slope extending southwest
from a high, lava - capped
1 which bounds the valley
on the north.
This slope has been graded to furnish level areas for the houses and
in every part of the site there are evidences of an incredible amount
of excavation, still discerni-
ble after farm occupation of
many years. The ruins of
the largest house mass form
a high mound containing
rooms of unusual size and a
large circular kiva 8 feet
deep. (PI. IV, a.) Adjoin-
ing this mound is a large
" reservoir." South of this
much of the ruin has been
cleared away and the stones
laid in the walls of an im-
mense shed called locally
galera, erected by the Mexi-
can settlers on the founda-
tion of a portion of the
pueblo; for this reason the
galera extends in a northeast
direction. South of the
galera few traces of walls
remain, this condition being ''"■■™- ^'" "' ^p'"' «™"''- **"" "'"^''■
the result of the long-continued occupancy of the site by the great
Spur ranch.
No. 78. Cliff -dweUings. — On Rita Blanca, one-quarter of a mile
north of Spur Ranch house, is a ruin consisting of a row of houses
\,
\
[^/WKH HOUStJ
^
■■-^
^^^^*>>-^^' ^i^jmit
-^^^
. •• __..^2^^Mfc
mt^m^^<^::^K^S\
p?^^''*^'_„. ■ : -'^ '
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLJ1Y8
65
under a high cliff at the top of the talus. Hardly any walls remain
above the debris and large masses of rock have fallen into some
of the houses. Some wooden posts stand in the ruins. Excavations
were made here by B. M. G. Dill,
esq., a number of years ago, and
in 1904 by the writer. On the
smooth cliff face are pictographs
in red, the subjects depicted be-
ing among others the sun and
the mountain lion. (PI. iv, b.)
No. 79. PueMo.—On Rita
Blanca, about 2 miles north of
the Spur Ranch house, the coun-
try opens out above the canyon
and in the valley are several
small ruins. One of these, situ-
ated on the slope above an aban-
doned Mexican ranch house, has
large quantities o£ refuse around
it and many fragments of obsi-
dian and pottery of good quality.
No. 80. Pueblo.— On the point
southeast of Spur Ranch house is a niin consisting of a single room
18 feet square in which a pine trw has grown, and south of it is found
a ■' reservoir " 4 feet deep and
20 feet in diameter. The
■' reservoir " is flanked on the
west by rooms and on the
south by a stone wall.
No. 18. Pueblo.— Thhpueh-
lo ruin lies one-eighth of a
mile northeast of the Spur
Ranch house, on the Iiillside
just below a talus of slabs of
volcanic rock which furnished
the building material. The
rather steep slope was graded
and the pueblo built on the
platform thus prepared. The
ruin is 122 feet long and 65
feet wide.
Excavations carried on here revealed the great extent of the masses
of debris surrounding the ruin. The debris lies on the clay hardpan
which is commonly encountered in excavations on the terraces of the
3454— No. 36—07 5
66
BUBEA.U OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Fia. SZ. Plan of ndn no. ttz Spur nnch
valley. One pit vas carried down into the hardpan, and in this
stratum the remains of a badly eroded human skeleton were encoun-
tered. No pottery or other
artificial objects accranpanied
the bones.
No 82 Puehlo — One quar-
ter of a mile south of the
Spur Ranch house there is a
rectangular ruin 60 by 102
feet, situated on the slope la
feet abo\e the level bottom
land This slope and the
terrace surroundmg Los
Leiites fields are composed
of angular and subrounded
detritus Tlie building stone
is a red brown \olcanic rock
which occurs in slabs and
blocks and the remains of
walls Uing on the surface
are now deeply covered with
lichens, indicating a long subjection to atmospheric and vegetal
agencies. .The boundaries of the exterior walls of the ruin can be
followed with some degree of
accuracy, but the arrange-
ment of the rooms is not
clear, on account of the de-
bris which covers them. The
debris forms a considerable
moimd at the western end of
the ruin, where originally the
pueblo was not less than two
stories high. The house ref-
use is large in amount and
contains chips of chalcedony
and very little obsidian. The
pottery is brown and red,
the latter polished and the
former decorated with scores
traversing narrow coils.
No. 83. P>/eMos.—One mile
southwest of the Spur Ranch
house are two small stone
pueblos situated on a spur of
the terrace which overlooks the cultivated land. They are rectangu-
lar, and adjoining them are circular " reservoirs."
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS
67
No. 84- Pueblo. — One and three-quarter miles southeast of the
Spur ranch house is a stone pueblo 18 feet f-quai-c, located on the spur
above the fields; north of the ruin is a large circular depression and
to the east of the house mass are graves.
No. 85. Pueblo.— This ruin
is of an L-shape house masa
inclosing the west and south
sides of a shallow circular de
pression. There are also small
houses on the east and north
sides of the depression. The
point on which the ruin is
located is fenced off by a stone
wall, and on the slope below
the ruin are two shrines con
taining remarkable amorphous
quartz concretions and cr\s
tals.
No. 86. Pueblo.— OnB-tomth
of a mile east of no. S5 mav
be seen a stone ruin whose
mound is higher than usual It is situated on a high bluff rismg
above an arroyo which descends from the mountams to the north
A portion of the edge of the bluff is walled. East of the rnin is
a shallo i 1 1 r depie oi north, a wall 30 feet long and
two shrines, each consisting of a
heap of small stones; and south-
east, a shrine and a second depres-
sion. The rnin is one of a group
of 5 situated on the points of the
ridges above the arroyo. The
largest of this group measures
only 45 by 30 feet, and though
the ruins are not far apart each
lias its individual shrines, "res-.
ervoirs," and cemeteries. Like
most of the Spur Ranch ruins
those here described are oriented
to the northeast.
No. 87. Pueblo.— This member
of the Arroyo group is located on
the high ridge east of the arroyo, and consists of two rectangular
house masses having between them two circular basins. Tlie upper
house measures about 30 feet by 27 feet, and near it are ancient
graves. This house was built over the foundations of an earlier
FlO. 35. Plan of rulD
68
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
[BULL. 35
o
Q SHfflNir
i*
^_
V.'
•SV^
\WALL
^•%«.*^'
y
building, whose rude walls were oriented due east and west, while
the later building follows the customary orientation. In a number of
instances among the Spur Ranch ruins evidence was secured going to
prove that frequently former constructions were razed, the sites being
regraded and built upon. For this reason the burials which cus-
tomarily were made in the ac-
cumulations of debris near the
houses are represented only by
fragments of skeletons and pot-
tery dispersed in the soil. Ex-
cavation at this place as on
sites similarly affected was pro-
ductive of few material results.
In one pit, however, which was
sunk below the zone of soil
containing human artifacts,
the remains of a human skele-
ton accompanied with deer
bones and rude flint flakes were
encountered. The remains were
in clean, hard-packed, coarse
wash gravel, which to all ap-
pearance retained the charac-
teristics of its deposition from
water. The position of the find suggests antiquity.
On the higher portion of the ridge on which this ruin stands is
a shrine, and near it a number of large stones rudely aligned. (See
fig. 38.)
No, 88. Pueblo. — A small ruin exists in the flat below no. 86, near
the foundation of an old Mexi-
can house. (See fig. 38.)
No. 89. Pueblo. — Lying on
the north side of the valley
halfway between the ranch
house and the San Francisco
river is a ruin consisting of two
rectangular house masses ad-
joining a " reservoir." A short
'^^/f
m
Fiu. 36. Plan of ruin no. 86, Spur ranch.
0Stf^tf£
I
distance to the north of these fiq. 37. Plan of min C, Arroyo group, Spur ranch.
ruins is a terrace, at the rear of
which is a heap of stones, and to the south are two shrines filled with
stone concretion offerings.
No. 90. Pueblo. — This ruin lies on the south side of the valley 2\
miles south by east of the Spur Ranch house, near the San Francisco
river, at " Mill Place." It is merely a rectangular stone ruin 45 by
51 feet in dimensions and does not possess a " reservoir,"
HOUGH]
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS
69
No. 91. Pueblo. — On the river bottom opposite " Mill Place " is a
ruin consisting of a series of rooms
IT
7
a
i
3
%,..
..•.».^^
.-*"
.•nvV»ii»/|««"
; oc^ffeHi
'"••••iit'ii*"*'
Fig. 38. Sketch of location of ruinR D and £,
Arroyo group, Spur ranch.
bordering a quadrangular depres-
sion 48 feet square. The quad-
rangle has entrances from the
north and is at present 5 feet deep.
It appears to belong to the iso-
lated kiva type. Another ruin
measuring 21 by 15 feet lies 100
feet southeast of the square ruin.
Two or more large circular de-
pressions are connected with these
ruins. There is a large deposit of
house refuse on the site.
A''^. 92. Pueblo. — On the ex-
tremity of a high terrace, a point
of which juts out opposite the
" Mill Place," is situated a ruin
of medium size. It is one of
the regraded sites, and for this
reason the excavation carried on
here in 1904 by the writer was
productive of few results, the
debris containing only fragments of human bones and potsherds.
No. 93. Pi/^iZo.— One-half
mile east of the " Mill Place "
is a comparatively large ruin
situated on the second terrace
above the San Francisco. The
mounds of this ruin have been
protected by large pine trees
and thus retain the form which
the pueblo assumed after it had
decayed. West of the pueblo is
a fertile field whose surface is
strewn with fragments of pot-
tery. At this point th6 river
begins to descend rapidly into
the canyon which lies between
the Spur ranch and Reserve
post-office.
No. 9^. Pueblo. — In the can-
yon of the river below no. 92 is
a small ruin situated on a broad
terrace among the pines. Several minor sites are found in the
neighborhood.
%
'.^i
>y
•■::y^M
•*'/:•...
'^f
''^WJlW/i;.,
''^mw0
Fig. 39. Sketch of location of ruin no. 89, Spur ranch.
70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. SB
No. 95. Sttcreil tprhii/s. — Ono of these springs is at "Mill Place,"
Spur I'lint'h on tlie Stin P'riiiifiwco rivpr; the secoml is the hot spring
!it the month of the deep canyon be-
tween Spur ranch and Reserve. Many
offerings of stone beads have been found
in file sands of these springs, but no
jiottery has been observed.
A'd. 90. Puehlo. — In the mountains ly-
ing between Reserve and the Spur ranch
stone rnins are sometimes seen along the
high ridges in the pine forests. They
are usually houses of one or two rooms,
hut occasionally the remains of a stone
tower ni-e seen by lumters. One of theae
ruins, presumably of a tower, lies about
midway on the trail betwei'n Reserve
and tlie Spur ranch. These forest
I of rain till. DO, Spnrrniioh,
ruins pii)bnbly wore hunting lixlges.
(). Tll.AKO.S.V RIVKR
Tlie Tularosa is a sliort stream flowing southwest through n pic-
turesque country and joining the San
Francis<'o about 4 mile.s south of Re-
serve post-office, (PI, V, a.) Between
its upper ancl lower reaches, where the
river flows thi-ougli canyons, lies one of
the most beautiful valleys in the South
west, whose fertile land supports man\
families, living principally at old Fort
Tularosa, at the head of the vaIle^ , and
at Joseph, near the lower extremity
In ancient times there was a much
larger population who built numerous
pueblos on the terraces northwest of tlie
river overlooking tlie fields. Tht ic
niaiiLs of these pueblos render Tnlaros.i
valley an important center of aichto
logical interest. The valley of Apache
creek, which joins the Tularosa neai
,ToMei)h, was also densely populated \>\
the same tribes who settled the contigu
ous valley. The .^Vpache Creek ruins
extend to tlie soui'ce of the stream on tlii. louthein slojje of the Gallo
mountains. Tliey are compact ■•lone put bios some of large size;
one of tlutse ruins near the mouth of the cntk is suiioiukUhI entirely
ry. lowiT TulBrosa (no, 100)
f, LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM MESA
hough]
ANTIQUITIES OP GILA-SALT VALLEYS
71
by a stone wall. Especially important is the group of the N. H. ranch
on Apache creek, which consists of 10 ruins and one large kiva. On
Apache mountain and on the Queens head are shrines consisting of
stone circles inclosing quantities of broken pottery. At the south
c^y£-
m ADOBE HOUSE
PORTE /^S
\JOSEPH R'O.
ff/^as
SHRt/^ES^-^^ffQCK iNSCRlPTtOfJS
/((box Cf\NYOf^
Fig. 42. Sketch map of Tnlarosa river, showing locatloii of ruins, western Socorro
county, N. Mex.
end of Tularosa valley there is a remarkable gallery of pictographs
on the smooth wall of the canyon, and on the heights above are
several circular shrines also containing masses of potsherds. The
72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bdli^ 85
group of large ruins on the ranch of Mr. H. S. Delgar, a short dis-
tance below Joseph, is of great interest. This group consists of
four rectangular stone pueblos of the compact type and a rectangular
kiva with approaches like those found on the Blue river. At the
S. U. ranch one very large ruin has the appearance of a Mexican
pyramid standing prominently on a terrace above the fields. In the
gorge above Old Fort Tularosa is a cave formerly having a series of
rooms across its opening; smaller ruins are noticed as far as the head
of the river and on the various branches. Among them mav be men-
tioned the ruin at Gallo spring, an ancient pueblo situated in a rincon
of the Gallo mountains. The spring has furnished a great number of
votive offerings of miniature pieces of pottery.
Mr. Henry Hales, of Ridgewood, N. J., explored the Tularosa
canyon in 1888. A portion of his collection — objects of stone, shell,
and other material — found its way into the National Museum in 1895
(cat. nos. 170528-170572). A number of -excellent pieces of pottery
which formed a portion of the Hales collection were secured from
Mrs. Lander, of Kansas. The remainder of the Hales collection
was purchased by Mr. George G. Heye, of New York. The large
collection of Mr. W. J. Andrus, of Hackensack, N. J., completes, so
far as known, the list of notable finds from this locality.
No, 97. Cave. — In the upper box canyon of San Francisco river, a
short distance below Reserve post-office, Socorro county, N. Mex.,
there is a cave, which has not been explored, but is reported to show
evidence of human occupancy.
No. 98. Pueblos. — These ruins are found near Reserve, and con-
sist of a group of three at the Cooper place one-half mile northwest,
and a group of the same number at the Higgins place, 1\ miles north-
west of the town. North of Reserve one-half mile is a smaller ruin,
and others occur on points of land in the vicinity." The ruins are
invariably situated on rounded, sedimentary terraces; they are rec-
tangular and contain each from 4 to 23 rather large, rooms. The
walls are laid up. with river bowlders and thin slabs of rock. One
wall, exposed by curiosity seekers, is constructed of bowlders and
white slabs arranged in alternate bands. Many of the lower rooms
are below the present surface of the ground and may have been so con-
structed designedly by the builders.
The ruins were rich in artifacts, but these have been removed by
speculators in relics, who demolished the ruins in the process. The
only objects, so far as known, that have been preserved in museums
are those secured in 1885 by Mr. E. W. Nelson for the National
Museum collection. (Cat. nos. 76224-76239, 98134-98725, and 115847-
115858.)
« On SohlioHS and I^^it creeks there are said to be important ruins which may be
reached from Reserve post-office.
BUREIIU OF AMERICAN
tintMiitl ANTtglMTIKH uK (ttt.A HALT VAt«t<nYH 78
/Vf*. /W. /*U('h/o, On Cloinrtit Ili^lititworV niiirli, iipnr HoMorvo
|H)Ht-olll(*p, lit (lip juiiiMinti nf <lir 'rnliirnsii iiiul Man KnniiMHro rivpt'H,
Ho(Mirn» (MiiMit.v, in iin infproHtiii^ niiti rrpnrtod li,v Mr. Ili^litowor
jVf*. tfffK tS/irhn'N, 1'lipsp iiro sidiiitpil I'l iiiilrH holow •toHoph,
N. Mpx., iHMir tlio nini'li of Mr. II. M. IVl^itr. TIip 'rtilitruHit rivor
lion^ iMttrrn it Im»x ninyon, iitnl nn a nuvmt itluivp llii« rivor, iHM*0NHil)|p
lit only niH« iMtint, urn liir^p iiihhhom nf vnlnitiir rnrk. Mninn of tli(*K(«
iii*(« piltMl ill riti^H within wln(*h iiro^rpiH (|MMtHi(ipM of hrnkoit poHorv.
^rin*n' iiro llv(« of Uipmp rin^s. Hn* cd^r of llio \\\vm\ iiImo HtMMnH to
hnvi* nn itrfillriiil rinn|»iir( nf Inr^p ruckH. ( IM. v, ^>.)
A'f*. /(U, /*r'frttf//!//i/is, Npiir Uh» \\\h{ loiMitinn nniy J"* noon it w-
niiirkithlp HPrirs of pptro^typlis. riniHisfin^ nf (mi^Ipm, niPti ittnl utlnM*
llffiMVM, ^nivrti nn flip stniMiHi Tikm* n( Hip ninyitn wiitt." ( IM. vi.)
/Vf*. /fL*» t^itr'hfoN, *V\\\h ^n»np, 7 in nninlM'r, is Hihinlnfl nn Hip WPMt.
hunk (»r Hip 'rnhirnmi I j niilps hphtw •luMi^ph, wps(i«rn Snpurrn county,
In piirt. (»n tlip riirin nt Mr. II. S. I>p|^iir, fur wIkhii tlip ^rniip Iiiim Iippii
niinuMl. 'riM\v iin* rprliin^iiliir s1oih« piiphloH Inpiitpd nn tlip simmhkI
rivpr tprriipp ii short ihstiitipp iihovp llip ho\ ninviMi. I^'oiir of tliPiii
iitM« vpry litr^* iitul forni ii ponipiipt pjiistpron whii*h stiiiHl Mr. l)p|^iir*M
(Iwpllin^ iiihI noiiip of his oiitlMiihlin^s. Two otiipr piH«hloM hploii^in^
to this ^ronp lip to tin* w<«st only Mooynnls, iitui with tliiMii is llip sqiiarp
kiva. 1'hp prini'ipal piiphlo on Mr. l>p|^nrV rntiph ntvprs inorp than
(I aprps, and it was pvidiMitly tlip most itnporlaiit vilhigp in lh(« Tnla
i*oMa vallpy. liniiiPtisp dpposits of nilihish ^^nrronnd it, indipatin^
lon^ (Mintinitpd i»ppnpnnpy. Hu* l>i*lu:ar ^ronp has hppti for many
ymvH tlip Hotirpp of Tiihirosa pollpry, and ^riMit tpiantitips of pntin«
Hpppinipns liav(« Immmi scmmii'imI (hrokiMi sppriniptis hping dispardpd).
(IM. vti.) Sopxtptisivp has hppii tlip work that it is almost impossihlp
U) aspprtain tlip ground plan of tlip pin^hlos.
In ^*npriil, llip pnphlos an* oriptilpd to tlip tiortlipasl; papli has a
l*onndpd hiank wall on Hip wpsI, to tlip rpar of which is tlii« pritipipal
(HMtiPtpry. Most of tlip hoiisps, howpvpr, contain hiirials. Tlip pot
(ory and art works from Hip |)<d^:ar ^roiip arp of siipprior dpsi|^n
nnd iltiish, as W(«ll as nf varipd rorms. Sonip copppr ornanipnts and
tiitniprtMis amnlpts of rarp miiiprals liavp Iippii round liPt'p, of which
povpral of p\c(d|pnt workmanship art* in tliP collpctioti of Mr. (I. (}.
Ilpyp, of Nf»w \'ork City.
Mr. Henry Ilahvs, i»f Hid^pwood, N. #!., visitpd tlipsi* rnins in IHHH
ntid HPciitpd a lar^i* numlMM* of relics that had Immmi j^ratliprpd hy tliP
Ituloratigahlp lahors of Mrs. I>i0^ar. This collpctioti has hppti dis
|MM*HPd, portions of it hi^in^ in tlip National Miispiim and in tlip privatp
(H)llpptions of Mr. W\ •!. Atnlrus, of Ilackctisack, N. #1., and Mr. IIpvp,
of Npw York.
74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
No. 103. Pueblo. — About 1 mile below Joseph, on the west bank
of the Tularosa river, is a rectangular stone pueblo located on the
second terrace, near the Brown farm. It is one of the very few ruins
on this side of the river.
No, 10^. Pueblo. — Three and one-half miles up Wilson creek,
which enters the river 1 mile below Joseph, there is reported a large
stone pueblo on the south side of the valley.
No. 105. Pueblos. — On the northwest of the Tularosa, between
the mouth of Wilson creek and Joseph, there are three small pueblos
(see map) . Insignificant as these ruins are, they have been excavated.
No. 106. Pueblos. — On the Tularosa river, a short distance below
the mouth of Apache creek and 1 mile above Joseph, are 5 large
rectangular stone pueblos situated on a terrace above the river.
No. 107. ^VaU. — At the " Narrows," 1 mile above Joseph, just
opposite the mouth of Apache creek, the Tularosa cuts through a
high, narrow mesa, which is visible for many miles. The mesa to
the northwest of the river is crossed by a stone wall, the purpose of
which is conjectural.
No. 108. Pueblos. — A group of three small rectangular stone
pueblos is situated on a terrace to the northwest of the river a short
distance below Graham's.
No. 109. Pueblos. — On the northwest bank of the Tularosa, about
2^ miles above Joseph, are 4 rectangular stone pueblos standing on
a bluflF above the road and opposite an adobe house. These ruins
are of medium size.
No. 110. Pueblos, — On bluffs flanking the road about 3^ miles
above Joseph and the same distance below Old Fort Tularosa is a
group of 9 rectangular stone pueblos. This group begins at the
Baca place and extends 1^ miles northeast along the river. Some
of these ruins are of good size, and a few have been worked by
unknown persons. One small ruin is on the south side of the river
near Bartell's. So far as known, of the many ruins on the Tularosa
only three are situated on that side of the river.
No. 111. Pueblos. — At the S. U. ranch, about one-half mile below
Old Fort Tularosa, there is an imposing ruin situated on the ridge
which extends out into the river valley. (PI. viii, a, b.) This ruin
stands on the top of the ridge, upon a pyramidal base which bears
traces of shaping, the sides of the ridge also having been graded.
The main rooms are large, and the walls well laid up with- slabs of
stone, some of which are sculptured on the edge. Two of the larger
rooms have been excavated, and in them were found remains of the
house beams. (PI. viii, c.) There is one large circular kiva on the
platform outside the village. The ruin from its elevated position
may be seen from a long distance; when viewed from the southwest, it
resembles a Mexi(»an teocalli. The pottery here is of good quality,
ANTIQUITIES OF QIIA-SALT VALLEYS
75
and remains of shell, obsidian, chert, and beads, show that the people
were comparatively weaUhy, There are three or more niins in the
imme{liate vicinity, but they are of little importance.
The S. U. ranch formerly belonged to Montague Stevens, esq,, who
commendably discouraged the unscientific excavation of the ancient
habitations on his property.
No. lis. PuefAo.—ln the vicinity of Old Fort Tularosa, 7 miles
northeast of Joseph, are three small pueblos, one of them lying in
the fields on the southwest side of the river. The ruin of the old
fort, which was built in 1872-74 to hold in check the Apache, may
be traced on the south side of the river, near the Mexican village
called Aragoii's Pla/,a or Tularosa.
No. 113. Pueblo. — On the river bank three- fourths of a mile above
Aragon's plaza and to the north of the road below the cave (no. 114)
is a pueblo which lies along a rather steep ridge. (PI. viii, d.) It
contains perhaps a dozen rooms
and was excavated a number of
years ago by a Mexican who sold
his finds to speculators
No. 114. Co I e —On the bluffs
about 180 jards north of the
river, three fourths of a mile
above Old Fort Tularosa, is a
cave and shelter weathered in a
stratum of yellow isli tufa capped
with breccia (PI i\, a ) A
row of houses formerly masked
the cave, and one room of the
series V/aS excavated m the solid fio 43 rUnotCBveathcadotTularosa valley
, tufa. These houses were flimsy
and a number of them were destroyed by falls of rock from the face of
the overhanging cliff.
The cave was filled with rubbish and the droppings of animals,
especially of the wild turkey, to the depth of 8 feet. Mummified
turkeys and whole eggs of this bird were found in the debris. Bones
of other animals were numerous, and the occurrence of bison remains
among them proved an interesting discovery." The cave floor is
irregular, containing large rocks and pockets in its surface. The
section of the debris shows two beaten floor levels, the upper about
30 inche.s above the lower. (PI. ix, b.) Under both floors burials
were made, in all 5 individuals. The debris contained many sandals.
76 ' BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
fragments of cloth, pottery, and other artificial objects. Near the
cave a room has been excavated in the rock ; it has grinding places in
the floor. On the slope below the cave are masses of d^ris from the
cliff, partially covered by the house refuse.
A few years ago Mr. John Averitt, a forest ranger, did a little
work in this cave and took therefrom a desiccated human body,
which is now in the collection of Mr. W, J. Andrus, of Hackensack,
. N, J. Mr. Averitt was the first exjilorer of this cave.
7. APACHE CREEK'
No. lis. Pueblo. — On. Apache
creek, IJ miles above the mouth
and on the west bank of the
stream, is a group of three large
pueblos. The smallest ruin is re-
markable in having a wall about
it like the Gallo spring and the
Eastcamp ruins. These were
despoiled a few years ago by
itinerant collectors of relics.
No. no. Pueblos. — Two pueblos
of medium size are found on
the west bank of Apache creek,
about 2^ miles from its mouth.
They stand on a terrace nearly
opposite Apache mountain, and
apparently they have not been
prospecte<l.
No. 117. Walled <-aye.— This
cave is situated on the southwest
side of Yankee gulch, which heads
in Apache mountain. Judging
by the description, it is not of
great importance, though it be-
longs to a type of sealed caves which are sometimes met with in the
mountains of the Gila-Salt region. According to reports, the labors
of those who have broken into such caves have been practically with-
out reward.
No. 118. Pueblos. — This group of 4 rectangular stone pueblos of
average size is found on Carrizo creek, a northwest branch of the
Apache. One of the sites is near Mr. Banta's house, another in Bear
canyon, and two at the mouth of Carrizo creek. Xo work has been
done on these pueblos.
hough]
ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS
77
^^/^'ii^-^SfiOue-cf^s He no
,,i,.>ii/>tti/,al^
''n..s■^,^.^,.^^;f}i'';;;^^^^^-"^-•''
*7W«'/I«*V,,
:2i.
Fi(i
45, Ruins at N. H. ranch, Apache creek,
Socorro county, N. Mex.
No, 119. Shrine. — On the southeast point of Apache mountain, 7
miles north of the S. U. ranch, which lies near the head of the
Tularosa river, are stone rings
in which oflFerings of pottery
vessels were thrown (see no.
100). Prof. U. Francis Duff,
of Deming, N. Mex., visited this
place in 1897."
No. 120. Pueblos. — In the val-
ley of the N. H. ranch (The
American Valley Company), on
Apache creek 8 miles above the
mouth, there is a group of 11
stone pueblos, all lying within
a short distance of the ranch
house. These pueblos are situ-
ated on ridges above a stream
tributary to the Apache. They
were rich and flourishing and
their situation was ideal on ac-
count of the fertile land and abundant water in this fine valley.
Many specimens of pottery and shell have been removed from the
sites. The ruins consist of a
north group of 6 and a south
group of 4 ruins, and between
these is a low mound showing
traces of walls and a large cir-
cular kiva. The pottery is
gray, brown, and red, occur-
ring in the order named.
West of the road, between the
N. IT. ranch and Eastcamp, is
a small ruin. There are also
ruins on the south side of Jew-
el ts gap, along the road head-
ing into Largo canyon, whose
w^aters are tributary to the
Little Colorado river.
No. 121. Pueblo, — On a ridge
north of the Oliver Bishop
\
fty
K/y/A
iV
Vs
/*',
'}.j
H/VA
W&
""^A
<.">%
.<'t.
ftV.\4v>;-«it>;
WMrii-^;
J
Fig. 46. Ruin at Eastcamp, Bishop ranch, western Ranch llOUSe near Eastcamp
Socorro county. N. Mex. ig j^ y^^\^ consisting of a large
house mass of many rooms, arranged semicircularly inside of a heavy
boundary wall 132 by 102 feet. There is a clear way on all sides
<» See bibliography, p. 90,
78
BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
[bull. 35
Fig. 47. Ruiu west of Oliver Bishop Ranch house near
Eastcamp, western Socorro county, N. Mex.
except the north, between the house and the wall. Most of the
rooms measure 6 by 8 feet, and the walls of the lower tier are of slabs
of white volcanic rock, while the upper story was of dark basalt.
There are two circular kivas outside the wall. From the ruins there
is a good outlook over the bottom land of two " washes.-'
North of the ruin about
100 yards are two kivas with
accompanying house struc-
tures, which are surrounded
by much debris. These ruins
are south of and near the di-
vide of Largo canyon and
Apache creek.
No. 122. Puehlo.—West of
the ranch house of the Oliver
Bishop place, near Eastcamp.
is a rectangular stone pueblo.
It is situated on the high hill
above the cienaga and the
level space of the hilltop is
bounded by a stone wall. The rectangular house structure lies
to the right of an artificial depression 30 feet square and 5 feet deep.
There are several shrines close to the ruin, and in the talus of the hill
and the level ground at the foot traces of walls are encountered. The
ruin has not been systematically
excavated.
No. 123. Puehlo. — This ruin is
situated at Gallo spring, on the
head of Apache creek near the
road from Luna to Magdalena.
The plan of the ruin shows a wide
stone wall 400 by 150 feet sur-
rounding a ruined house mass.
The north end is occupied by an
extensive plaza, having in the cen-
ter a large circular depression.
The cemetery lies against the wall
and the burials were in sand. This
ruin was systematically and thor-
oughly excavated by Mrs. Gros-
stead, whose house stands on the ruin at the present time.
Above the ruin is a great spring, bursting out at the head of the
cienaga, which lies in a rincon of the Gallo mountains. This
spring has yielded many votive offerings of pottery, a number of
t w at ' I
\= «^* - - « « -i \ J
''ai I. « Si « J \y
<, «. m «« f J
•fc iL ta '^y
^•^•Kijr^
/^ )
ROUHO mUtH
vrv ii0ys£S
ttoho
Fig. 48. Ruin at Gallo spring, western Sooorro
county, N. Mex.
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OP GILA-SALT VALLEYS 79
which were secured by the Museum-Gates expedition of 1905. The
pottery is gray, red-brown, and polished black, like that of the
Tularosa and the Blue. The whereabouts of the specimens secured by
Mrs. Grosstead are not known.
No, 12^, Pueblo, — A number of ruins have been reported at Oak
spring in the Fox mountains, said to be about 3 miles north of East-
camp and about 10 miles east of Luna, N. Mex.
No, 125, Pueblos, — In the locality known as Johnsons basin, lying
among the foothills east of the road from Luna to the Salt Lake,
southwest of Zuni, Mr. Ab. Johnson, a stockman, reports many
large ruins. These ruins have never been examined and this is the
first mention of their existence.
III. — The Upper Salt River
The general course of the Salt is nearly due west from its source in
the highland about Alpine, Apache county, Ariz., where also rises
the San Francisco. Its tributaries are almost exclusively from the
steep watershed north of its valley. The most important of them is
White Mountain creek.
1. WHITE MOUNTAIN CREEK REGION
White Mountain creek has its origin in the " rim " southeast of the
town of Pinetop, Navajo county, Ariz. On the upper reaches of the
creek are caves and small stone structures which wer^j probably hunt-
ing lodges, the country being too high and rough for permanent habi-
tation. Lower down the stream, between Cooley's and Fort Apache,
are a number of rectangular pueblo ruins, and near the post are
extensive caves, which formerly were used as burial places and con-
tained until a few years ago many desiccated human bodies.
West of White Mountain creek on Forestdale creek is a group of
very large pueblos, one of which is of circular form ; and on Cedar
creek, a tributary of Carrizo, a large ruin due north of Silver Ball
peak is reported. A number of these pueblos were explored by the
Museum-Gates expedition of 1901.
To the west, on Cibicu creek, a tributary of Salt (Black) river,
are other large stone pueblos like those at Forestdale; these have
not been examined. Other creeks descending from the " rim " into
Salt river will doubtless show, on investigation, sites of ancient habi-
tations.
Above Fort Apache, on Salt river, are pueblos and caves which
have been disturbed by curiosity seekers. So far as is known, the
upper stretches of this river contain no ruins, since it runs through
elevated and extremely broken country, from its head in Escudilla
peak.
80 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bdli^ 35
2. ESCARPMENT AND PLATEAU
No. 126. Puehlo. — Near Linden, 45 miles south of Holbrook, Nav-
ajo county, Ariz., is a pueblo called Pottery Hill. This pueblo lies
on the divide between the Little Colorado and Salt rivers. It is
quite large and appears to be very ancient. There are large quanti-
ties of banded-coil, red, and gray ware here. This site was explored
by the Museum-Gates expedition of 1901.
Another pueblo with large circular kiva lies south of this ruin 1
mile. {Report of United States National Museum^ 297, 1901.)
No. 127. Pueblos. — On Forestdale creek, 10 miles southeast of
Showlow and 3 miles east of Pinetop, AVhite Motmtain Apache res-
ervation, is a group of 4 ruins located in the lowland or hill slopes
along the creek. Two of these ruins are very large ; the main ruin,
7 acres in extent, is composed of a circular acropolis with rectangular
additions, and was explored by the Museum-Gates expedition in
1901. (Op. cit., 287.)
No. 128, Hill Top fort. — On the sunmiit of a high knoll above
Forestdale creek and 1 mile from ruin no. 127 is a stone structure
which appears to have been used as a fort. The walls were laid up
of dry masonry. There are no pottery fragments or other artifacts
at this place.
No. 129. Puehlo. — Near Interior sawmill, a few miles south of
Cooley's, AVTiite Mountain Apache reservation, is a small ruin built
of basalt blocks. It lies on the level ground above White Mountain
creek, in cultivated fields. The pottery is gray and brown, and there
is some coiled ware showing fine work. This ruin was explored by
the Museum-Gates expedition of 1901. (Op. cit., 297.)
No. ISO. Pueblos. — Along White Mountain creek, between Interior
sawmill and Fort Apache, are several small rectangular stone ruins
on the bench above the creek canyon. The mounds of these ruins
stand high, but no walls are exposed. The pottery is gray, red, and
coiled, and seems of inferior quality. Bandelier mentions these ruins.
No. 131. Pueblo. — Eight miles above Fort Apache, on the old
Cooley ranch, is a pueblo which is described by Bandelier (in op. cit.,
294), and was examined by the Museum-Gates expedition in 1901.
3. J«\)RT APACHE
No. 1S2. Pueblo.^ — On the west bank of the north fork of White
Mountain creek, about 2 miles east of Fort Apache, is a ruin consist-
ing of a hollow rectangle the sides of which measure about 40 by 50
« I am indebted to Edward S. Miller, first sergeant, U. S. Army, of Fort Apache, for
much valuable information concerning the ruins in this locality, a portion of which
is incorporated in nos. 132-136.
APACHElCOLLECTION
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 81
yards. Some work has been done here in a small way. Bandelier
describes the ruin as two stories high (Final Report, pt. ii, 396).
The ware is commonly red with black decoration and frequently has
black and white ornamentation on the exterior of bowls. (PI. x.)
No. 133. Pueblo. — On the south bank of the creek, three-fourths of
a mile southeast of no. 132, is a large pueblo, measuring 50 by 80
yards. There has been sporadic excavation here. Farther up the
creek are two other ruins similar to no. 133 in pottery and artifacts.
No. 13^. Puehlo. — About 4 miles northeast of Fort Apache, near
•the foot of Sawtooth mountain, is a very large pueblo situated on
both sides of a ravine in the bottom of which pines aro^ growing.
The location is about 2^ miles north of White Mountain creek. Much
excavation has been carried on here, but not systematically. Bande-
lier estimates that the two portions or villages held a population of
800 souls. (Op. cit., 396-397.)
The village appeared to be a compact small-house settlement. . . . The
wide vale on which the ruins are situated is without water for irrigation, and I
did not observe any provision made for storing, nor did I notice estufas.
No. 135. Fort. — Two miles west of Fort Apache and 150 yards
from the left bank of the White Mountain creek is a construction
which may have been a fort or fortified lookout. It stands on a small
mesa about 100 feet high.
No. 136. Puehlo. — About 14 miles southeast of Fort Apache is a
large ruin showing a ground plan of more than 80 rooms. This ruin
has not been disturbed.
No. 137. Watch Tower. — Fifteen miles west of Fort Apache on a
prominent butte is a structure which was reported to Bandelier (op.
cit., 397). He surmises it to be a place of retreat and observation.
No. 138. Cliff 'house and Partition Caves. — These are situated west
of Fort Apache in the canyon of l-VTiite Mountain creek. The exist-
once of these houses also was reported to Bandelier. (Op. cit., 397.)
There are many caves on the reservation that were used for burial
and ceremonial purposes. One of these not far from the Post con-
tained numerous desiccated bodies which have been removed bv col-
lectors. The Field Museum of Natural History has many specimens
from this cave. Noteworthy among objects found therein is a unique
storage basket.
No. 139. Ruins. — Large ruins have been reported from Cibicu
creek, a perennial stream flowing south from the "rim " and enter-
ing Salt river near the western boundary of the White Mountain
Apache reservation. The valley of the Cibicu affords excellent farm-
ing land, and tliQ majority of the Apache on the reservation live
there. The ruins are about 18 miles northwest from the Post. Thev
ft/
appear to resemble the ancient pueblos of Forestdale creek.
3454— No. 35—07 6
82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 35
4. PINAL CREEK AND MIDDLE SALT RIVER
To the west of San Carlos a high divide separates the waters of
San Carlos creek from those of Pinal creek and other streams flow-
ing into the middle Salt river near Tonto basin. There are numer-
ous ruins in this section of Graham county east of the divide, but
the only notice of them was by Bandelier, who visited this region
in the early eighties. The following ruins, here numbered 140-146,
were described by him:
NoUfi, Puehlo, — North of Globe, on a steep, rocky projection,
there is a small ruin, ahd one fallen beam of cedar remains in the
house. The pottery is corrugated and very coarse. (Bandelier,
Final Report, pt. ii, 415.)
No, HI, Ruin, — South of Globe, on a denuded promontory, is a
large ruin of the checkerboard type. The ruin has no central mound,
" but . . . the small buildings and connecting inclosures are numer-
ous and well preserved. The walls were of stone, and none of tlie
buildings seemed to have been higher than one story. No traces of
estufas were visible." (Bandelier, op. cit., 415.)
No, H2, — At Gibson's ranch on Aliso creek, 12 miles southeast of
Globe, are several small ruins, one of which has 17 compartments.
It has been supplied with ditches like those of the ruin south of Fort
Thomas (no. 16).
No, iJfS, — An important ruin stands on the north side of Salt river
near the ranch and home of Mr. Armer. It is characterized by a long
mound that forms part of the open polygon of the ruin. The mound
is 11 feet high and contains rooms. Here were found several pieces
of hammered copper and a copper rattle. (Bandelier, op. cit., 421.)
No, m, — Five or more ruins are found near Kenton's ranch on the
south side of Salt river along a stretch of 8 miles; they are like the
ruins at Globe (Bandelier, op. cit., 419-420). Another ruin, said to
contain 138 divisions (house inclosures), was seen by Mr. Bandelier.
It is 7 miles from Globe and 4 miles above AVheatlands (Los Trigos).
No, H5, — On Pinal creek, 2 miles below Wheatlands, are two small
ruins on steep promontories. One of these seems to have been sur-
rounded by a wall. (Bandelier, op. cit., 418.)
No, H6, — About 7 miles north of Livingstone and a short distance
west of Cherry creek ai:e two small ruins of the checkerboard type,
made up of mounds and quadrangles. (Bandelier, op. cit., 417.)
Many cliff-ruins and cave-dwellings are said to exist in the gorge of
Salt river, near the mouth of Pinal creek, and in the Sierra Ancha,
north of Salt river, many ruins are also reported. (Bandelier, op.
cit., 417-418.)
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 88
IV. — The MiMBiiES River
Mimbres river rises in the iVIimbres range within a short distance
of the head of the Gila and of the sources of streams draining into
the Rio Grande. It runs south by east into the basin region of
northern Chihuahua, Mexico. There are numerous ruins on the
upper waters of this river, some of which have been described by
Bandelier (Final Report, pt. ii, 350-359), who regards them as differ-
ent from any other ruins examined by him in the Southwest. The
principal characteristic of the village is the irregular arrangement of
the houses, which are grouped around square plazas. The pottery
from some sites is also different from that of any other region, and is
affiliated in some respects with that of the Casas Grandes in Chi-
huahua, which lies in the low foothills of Sierra Madre. This is
especially true in reference to the yellow ware found here, which in
both form and the color of the decoration is manifestly like that of
Casas Grandes. It is apparent that there are ruins on the upper
river — those known at present being located at Fort Bayard — which
yield more of this type of pottery, while the ruins about Deming yield
generally pottery with black and white decoration. It is probable
that a study of the ruins in this region will show that two cultures
have overlapped in this valley.
Professor De Lashmutt informs the writer that the pottery from
the Silver City region is white and black ; solid red, both smooth and
grooved; solid black; and coiled. The decoration is mainly geo-
metric. From the Mimbres he has seen a realistic design resembling
a grasshopper, and from Fort Bayard another representing a four-
legged creature. Mrs. Owen has a specimen from Fort Bayard bear-
ing what is described as a " fish design."
1. SILVER CITY REGION
Vernon I^ailey, of the Biological Survey of the United States
Department of Agriculture, informs the writer that at the head of the
Mimbres and Sapillo creek (a branch of the Gila) there are numer-
ous small ruins. These occur on almost every promontory and ridge
above the river and are scattered about in the forest between the two
streams. These ruins contain from 2 to 8 rooms each. The pottery
is black and white, with some red and coiled specimens.
The caves lying south of the Gila, which may be reached from Sil-
ver City, N. Mex., have long been known and investigated. In 1878
Lieut. Henry Metcalf, U. S. Army, secured from them offerings,
consisting of baskets, pottery, fire sticks, arrows, bows, and other
objects, and forwarded them to the United States National Museum.
About 1879 Mr. H. H. Rusby entered one of the ceremonial caves
86 BUBEAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BnLL. 30
to 1,000 feet above the bottom of the valley. In many cases the walls
are still standing. On the bench underneath the bluff are the out-
lines of rectangular houses. The pottery resembles that found on
Whiskey creek. Pictographs, in red, are found on the face of the
bluff. Under a bowlder at this site a cowboy found remains of a
saddletree, two carved stirrups, arrows with iron points, and other
relics, possibly the spoils of an Apache raid on a, Mexican or Spanish
convoy en route to or from the Santa Rita copper mines.
^'o. 152. Pueblo. — On the O'Brien ranch, 2^ miles south of Silver
City, is a ruined pueblo about as large as the one on WTiiskey creek
(no. 147).
No. 153. Pueblo. — This site is on the Harrington ranch, 7 or 8 miles
rictographa at Crslg ranch, Sllvsr City, Grant county, N. Mei.
northeast of Silver City, in the foothills of Pinos Altos mountains.
It stands on the top of a good -sized hill and contains about 30 rooms.
Between this ranch and AVhiskey creek are a number of groups of
ruins, and between the latter creek and the Whitewater mountains
are scattered ruins.
No. 154. Pictographs and caves. — On the Craig ranch near Lone
mountain, about 11 miles east of Silver City, there exist a number of ■
pictographs. Later paintings in red ocher are also found here. In
the same neighborhood there are several caves which have been used
by the Indians.
No. 155. Sacred springs. — Hudson hot springs (now Faywood)
lie about 4 miles east of Faywood station on the Deming-Silver City
branch of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad. \Vhen these
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 87
springs were cleaned, large spearheads and many other things were
collected. Some large bones which formed part of the deposits of
the springs were also secured.
No, 156, Pnehlos, — This ruin forms the site of the military hos-
pital at Fort Bayard, Grant county, N. Mex. While the foundation
f<jr the hospital was being prepared, a portion of the ruin was uncov-
ered, and a number of artificial objects were found. Subsequently,
occupants of the Post secured pottery and other relics from the ruin,
and a few specimens were donated to the United States National
Museum through the courtesy of the wife of Maj. W. L. Owen, U. S.
Army. The ware consists of smooth and coiled vases and bowls of
white with red-brown and black decoration. One vase particularly
shows by its form, color, and decoration the influence of Casas
Grandes culture.
No. 157. Pueblos. — At Silver City, N. Mex., on bald hillocks near
the northern boundary are two ruins well situated for defense or
observation. (Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, 364.)
2. DEMING REGION ®
No. 158. Pueblo. — This ruin is located near Deming, Grant county,
N. Mex., not far from the house of Mr. Drew Gorman. It is a small
ruin and contains nothing of importance. (Duff, p. 397.)
No. 159. Pueblo, — A large ruin is situated on the foothills of the
west side of Mimbres valley, opposite W. M. Taylor's store, 2 miles
above Gorman's. It is built of flat rock laid up with mortar. Much
fine pottery has been exhumed here. (Duff, p. 398.)
No 160. Pueblo. — Near Allison ranch, above W. M. Taylor's store.
I have in my possession 20 feet of fine, large beads wliieh were found in a
bowl taken from a grave beneath the floor of one of the rooms of this ruin;
among them are 70 turquoise beads. In the same bowl were many small pol-
ished shells and 2 small figures, carved from shell or bone, representing toads.
It also contains some 80 or 40 bracelets made from some kind of shell. These,
however, were all broken when they came into my possession. I have been told
that village or pueblo sites are found along the whole length of the upper course
of the Mimbres river. (Duff, p. 390.)
No, 161. Pueblo. — Near Wilson's windmills, 6 miles north of Dem-
ing, is a ruin which has been almost obliterated, but many arrow-
heads have been found on the site. (Duff, p. 397.)
Nos. 162-16If. Pueblos. — Numerous pueblo sites, some of them quite
extensive, are located around the base of Black butte, 10 miles north
of Deming. Mr. Duff mentions also various ruins on the Mimbres,
between Black butte and Oldtown; also near the Southern Pacific
» The ruins of the Deming region were brought to notice by the late U. Francis Duflf,
who was an earnest student of southwestern archeology. His paper, The Ruins of the
Mimbres Valley, American Antiquarian, xxiv, 397, 1902, has been utilized in preparing
the above list of ancient remains of this region, and is the work of the author which is
referred to throughout this section.
88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ^ [bull. 35
tracks, opposite the west end of Black butte, is a small group of
remains. (Page 397.)
No. 165. Pnehlos.-^OwQ'YidM mile south of Oldtown and 22 miles
from Deming are extensive ruins. One of these is a pueblo built
on a sheer bluff 80 feet high. The ruin shows the outlines of 60
rooms, and part of the buildings evidently stood more than one story
high. Professor Duff says (p. 398) :
From beneath the floor of one of the rooms in the ruins at Oldtown Mr.
David Baker and myself took out four fine ollas (bowls) inverted over crania,
these bowls having a hole knocked in the bottom, each inverted over the
skull of a skeleton. They were found 4 feet beneath the surface, and were as
fresh and nice in parts as when placed there. The dead had been laid away
with their heads to the east and in the eastern portion of the room.
This section of the Mimbres valley affords excellent land for agri-
culture, and the pueblo remains are correspondingly large. Ban-
delier includes them in his account of Mimbres Valley ruins.
No. 166. Pueblo. — On the east side of the Mimbres, 1 mile from
Oldtown, is a pueblo which was built of flat rock laid up in mortar*
(Duff, p. 397.)
No. 167. Pueblos. — On the Mimbres river, below Deming, are sev-
eral pueblos which are mentioned by Mr. Duff, one of them situated
on the ranch of Mr. Bvron and the other near the Keith ranch. Two
miles northwest from Byron's an old burying ground exists, but of
the village, which was built of adobes, little remains. Professor Duff
states (p. 399) :
Mr. Ralph Byron and myself exhumed a skeleton from a level patch of ground
north of the main ruin at their ranch. The skull has a small decorated bowl
inverted over it, but badly broken. The skeleton laid about 1\ feet beneath the
surface and had been buried with the head toward the east.
In the crown of the hill near Mr. Byron's are mortars cut in the
rock, and pestles 1 to 2 feet long are found in this vicinity. The mor-
tars are from 5 to 12 inches in diameter and 12 to 18 inches deep.
No. 168. Pueblo. — The existence of an ancient pueblo ruin on the
ranch of Henry Coleman, 6 miles from Deming, near the upper end of
the Florida mountains, is mentioned by Mr. Duff (p. 397).
No. 169. Pueblos. — A number of i:uins lie at the base of Red moun-
tain, 8 miles southwest of Deming. One of them, situated a short dis-
tance from Thomas Word's ranch, is large, and great quantities of
broken pottery occur there. (Duff, p. 398.)
No. 170. Pueblo. — Thirty miles southwest of Deming, near CoL
Richard Hudson's Cedar Grove ranch, evidences of occupancy are
reported as very marked, but no excavations were made. (Duff,
p. 398.)
No. 171. Pueblo. — This ruin is on the ranch of Mrs. Collins, 4
miles west of Deming. (Duff, p. 397.)
HOUGH] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 89
No. 172, Pueblos, — Near the ranch of Herman Greenwald, 2 miles
south of Brockmann's mills, upper Mimbres, there are 5 groups of
ruins on the slope of the promontory above the river.
No, 173, Pueblo, — There is also a pueblo at Brockmann's mills
(R. 10 E., 19 S.), located on the bottom land. (Bandelier, Final
Report, pt. II, 358.)
No, 17 Jf, Pueblos, — Bandelier estimates that between Hicks's ranch
and Brockmann's mills there are on a stretch of 30 miles along the
Mimbres about 60 ruins.
I have not seen a viUage whose population I should estimate at over 100^
and the majority contained less. They were built of rubble in mud or adobe
mortar, the walls usually thin, with doorways, and a fireplace in one corner
formed by a recess bulging out of the wall. Toward the lower ei^d of the
permanent watercourse the ruins are said to be somewhat more extensive. It
is very evident from the amount of material still extant, from what has been
used in building modem constructions, and from the size of the foundations,
that whatever houses existed were not over one story high. (Bandelier, op,
cit, 357.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bandelier, a. F. Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of tlie
Souttiwestern States, pt. ii. Papers Arch. Inst. Amer., IV, Cambridge,
1892. (See also earlier reports.)
Bartlett, J. W., U. S. Army. Personal Narrative. New York, 1854.
Baxter, Sylvester. The Old New World. Salem, Mass., 1888.
CusHiNG, F. H. Preliminary Notes. Congr^s Int. des Amer., 7th ser., 1888,
p. 151-194. Berlin, 1890.
Duff, U. Francis. The Ruins of the Mimbres Valley. Amer. Antiq., xxiv, 1902,
p. 397.
The Prehistoric Ruins of the Rio Tularosa. Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc, xxix,
no. 3, 1897.
Emory, Cooke, and Johnston. Notes of a Military Reconnoissance from Fort
Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, California. Wasaington, 1848.
Ex. Doc. 41, Thirtieth Congress, first session.
Fewkes, J. Walter. Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins. 22d Ann. Rep.
Bur. Amer. Ethnol., pt. i, 1900-1901 (1904).
Hopi Shrines near the East Mesa. Am. Anthrop., n. s., viii, no. 2, 1906,
353.
Hales, Henry. Prehistoric New Mexican Pottery. Smithsonian Report, 1892,
p. 535-554.
Henshaw, H. W. Cliff House on Diamond Creek. Wheeler Report, vii,
Archeology. Washington, 1897.
Hodoe, Hiram C. Arizona as it is. New York, 1877.
Hough, Walter. Archeological Field Work, Museum-Gates expedition, 1901.
Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1901 (1903).
Matthews, Washington. The Cities of the Dead. Land of Sunshine, Los
Angeles, 1900.
Moorehead, W. K. Some objects from the Salado Valley, Arizona. Amer.
Arch., Columbus, Ohio, ii, no. 8, August, 1898.
Nelson, E. W. Explorations in Southern Arizona. Smithsonian Report, 1884.
Plummer, F. G. Forest Conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona.
U. S. Geol. Survey, ser. 4, Forestry 8. Washington, 1904.
RixoN, T. F. Forest Conditions on the Gila River Forest Reserve, New Mexico.
U. S. Geol. Survey, ser. H, Forestry 13. Washington, 1905.
ten Kate, Dr. H. F. C. Reizen en Onderzoekingen in Noord-Amerika. Leiden,
1885.
TouMEY, J. W. Cliff and Cave-dwellers of Central Arizona. Science, November
11, 1892.
Winship, G. P. The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542. 14th Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol., pt. I, 1896.
90
ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP
of the
J UPPER gilaahosalt river valleys
I ARIZONAahd Ntw MEXICO
1907.
« # .. __^_^_^____
L£G£AfD
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(ihmnttiHoh of
httht I Oh htttSnn ntfhStftUttP \i iTt.UH
If^fMHit/i ntf iMiiAiii'MMYw. tU'U4r^i
Hoh of 2tt 2\
tot u Int. ioi*9n, Alti¥., tu\hn of ;»7 /tM
i'oioi'A, tiUk.itm o¥ 'J,h
1U
Hi
H2
HH
'41
7
7U, Hi
U
\2
iH
M',
H\
m,tM 4ST,
2\ 22
i\
H2
2M,Wt ;>2
i2.ii ir,
H, 10
<.\»u»UAWv' ItiMit; n^t^.t^A\^^ ... "7
<;v\»tii'» iii^N''*i 'Mill". »-\Un \»i» . . . W
^Mvn.»'v^. J^|^^.f.. ruiv twwi W
«A»va»Mi »n.A»«.. i-tiHif \n» . . Tj;
<\a*»*titi. iMn- %fT :ii:. 7U
•**p«»<tH \\%\\ Mf V, Wl
\»ti <H«i«^Hm« .ijitiM irr
UkvuvMilv t'T-Wl
^^U»»' Klr*»i ivjsfMi. M
VHiviMtiM '*f lv» rsTETlvti. . . ttV-14*
»ifr»v.-1 vf piiprMlvUMIpii^ un 2i
i^'ltiflvr 4**j;t«w vf . JM^
«'li*<3 )!;> l^n>ll«>irr«|;Vip' . ... iK^
A'fploMiilvv* Vy j^
«/g i'^rik} \fiM\fUMt . . ^^
it*kt^fikUAtLttt^'Ui io . *♦
oti *»Y*'m Ut t^Ur^r ''My '5.
JM*'* ; r^uPm . ^
Oh MWihrt^tt Hitter nteVm po*-
i^rr W
UM/^kti ur^nk, uhr\n*'n tftt 1^
I/I/I//4M m H/ HAw*tt, rtthtn *m iff
tt**nr ... . _ . _ _ 72, 721
lff,Hi«Oi 1i Mkx., iHfii**ry from HZ
Ur.mvo 'S. Mr.M.i nr/tion, rttUin lfi_ m-H9
ipr,*i' Htytton Iff Hr/>ton 7-H
p\orft\ l/r M
htAMotfh Ht\Kk, nhhn on 30
iHtJ,, H. M *i . *'%t'Htnnoun hf . . .... <M>
\UtMfM'Ut' tAf¥, _. 2f^-22
iPoi'HLK i'iH* i.r, HA^'tif rutun ti* 42
iPUAtv/^iK ov nr/iton, ^fnfripiUttt ttf^ 7-6^
tnt¥,nn nv tntiAttttAfi'tn, ^^wriptUm
of 20-21
tn ifif, I'uoy t'. VnAyo if^
t'iU'4} ih ttihUournphy 9t>
on ruUtn In iH-tnSnn iS. Mt*%,i
rt'fihfu . . HK-HB
f)nU Uy, to Apnt'U*' Motwtniti
nUrUif' .- __ 77
\^iAhi,r, i'kr.KH ur^tioyi, riDttn in 42
l'',AH'ttA%1t'. S. M^/X.
k)tnn fif -_ __ m
ritUtn hffir .. 77-7^*79
iCoAMf, itosf. Madk J.. Aitttf'hf tfUcn
4twnt*^ hf _. _. 42
KMour. f*ft4$Hr,, Ayiu Jtmi^nton, cUf^
l» UihUournithf _. fH>
t^.m l,AfHn. t*fft*rtn of _. S
irarrliilloii i>r . . - lin
.. niiin'pnrHnliFriiii-
• niir-oiii iilniilx . . .....
fii'nl iilniilH ._....
K^iicrnl ilxHi'MiXliiii .
FmiUII>.( MoinTAiifH, nilim iipiir
r-IH.l1 m<l-l'l,T «r ttRKKIN
I'liHrartpr uf -
I'\iiin><TiiAi.n. Atii*., mill nl ....
fi.umtm OF im N. <lHii'rl|it>«n i>r
n.ltT. VIllllH of _._ _ _
I^IIIT ILtVANK, N. »K\.. I'lllll
|-i<H'l' TlliiiLlAH. Aitm., Miliin
f<IX MIII'NTAINX. rilUlf 1.1
Vtiirt iKhmio mm II, niiii n
Itn.A lli-nir.i lUkiNH.
94
INDKX.
Vnfgi*
Apn*'hp, (*rtntk r«f((Iofi... - -
hUw U\vt»r rt*u\on
I Am \Ain\t*n Vflll«y... . .
\Mttti v«ll«»y ...
'Vn\nr(mti 1(1 vw rmUtn . . 7J,
M\t\ft'r Knit Ulv<'r rt%Um
XiAHiT t'UKKK, rufriN on. . .
Lakvm ts ur/itnfi,^
iJkHttKH, MuH., ifitttnry n**f'urMi from
LAfHiVAiilC itV isitAHtTAsrn, 6tm4r\it
t Ion of
LtsttKs, Aut'A,, rnUtn ttfstr . ....
lATrUV, i'ttt/tUAiMi UfVKIi
c'iilfijr« In vti\W.yn of „ -
<lrMfniitf«f
tAytsiiHrnfdi, Aut'A,, ru\nn twur . ,
lAtsy, %totisrAis
f'jtVH twnr
pfllnilntfM nt'nr
lt\ f 'to fir Htthn m*Hr
rtiinn on
lAtsy, I'tnK, S, Mkx., ruUiH nt
lAtH LkSTKH \'At,t,KY, ruiUH \u
lAtH Mi:KuroH, morimtry runioutu nt .
lAftt TttMiOM, Am/,., ruJnx ut*Hr
\A)yv,hAit\ iiASi'u, vn\t'n n<*«r
\A'SA, S. Mkx., rnUtn n^nr \H,rtU
lASA S'MAA.r, S, MfcX,, ruUtn \u
Lro^f, M, W,, J It., on i;r<'hl«(orl<' »i»»i-
nifll r^'niiilnM
Mai«'om o« Niza, <«xp<'ditlon of
MAUtnn'A, nt'tuiuinn ttH**ti \ty
ItAUHiAiir, A%io\ti Vv.yMiAm
lAAWtiS, i'UAHi.VM 1$„ Mf'knowlf'dK
ni<'nt to
MAM'n,<«'N i(\ \\.) KAKM, njlnM on
}iAHAV<- HMmurM of ih*: \\o\A, tU*
%*'r\\t\\on of
Mahos, Vutty. irriH T„ rUt'tt on Itsin^
kt'iry .
MATtttKWH, Im. WAHuistyros, H»<*<l
In lifblloicrnphy.
MK^rAU WttUKtMi, uUfU'W'ti of
Mktatkw . .
Mkt*'aI/K. lAvx't. Wksum, v. %, \.,
*'.iiVi'n t*%\)Uiro(\ by
MKXM'A5( l$OI',^fMttr iUtMMlHHUtS,
rnUm found Uy
MllXKU, Hot, KlfWAlil; H„ I', H. A..
HckuowU'ilKUwnt to
MtMttUKH MorSTAtSH, loffffflon of
MiMimK/N UtVKU
driifnAK«f
(#<'0|;l<'*< on
MiMKUKM fdVKii ttKoio<«, nilnM In ''iO«
Mi5(KttAf/ r,^vittoj«MK«T of r<'Kion
}/l(Hi4ti.uts ttiM, 4<»»*'rlpflon of
MoifAVK, <Jr<'«M of . . . .
14osrK'AV%tA'H CASK, (U*nr.r\piUpn of
HtHtHVJiKAtt, W, K,« f'iU'd in bIblloK
rnphy
MoKA^t, Iff, O, fl,« niMU'Uutmn <fo
nat^d by... -
77,
,7H
r,«,
,ft<J
17
IH
*H.
, W>
<KI
«l
12,
,74
Wl
72
i:^
7:^
27
2H
tK
, HO
2H
7
82
m
m
m
Hr,
r,H
Hi
70
10
82
4iK
no
<JJ,
7{*
r,H
m
IT,
iUl
H
:iH
10
n«
57
1»
2n
Wf
12
17
8;j
«8
HO
\'k
10
8n
7
«
2{*
8;j
HU
n
i;j
7
20
no
52
WO
;jo
AfoKTAKM, from I>Hnfntf (N, Mm(,;
r«*Klon _ HH
MourvAur nmroMH .- Hf-ll
A(/'/r alMo Uarlnln.
MovsTAtSH Off KfS^jfox, ^*iirrfpflon
of -^__ . . ... _. 7-«
Mof;»r Omaham, f'av**n in... . .... /'J7
Mof'xr Hkaham froKKMT ukhkuvk, \tf
rtiilon of -. ..„ ...^ ^ 7
Mof'^r TffoMAH
wind «M»r on _...^ 50
Nlirln<^ on 10
Mf'MKf'M <Utk» Kxi'KUtrwn, work
of iUHfi), 70, W); ri005; 48,
5n 57, mi, 70,
NAXTArK Mof/NTAl^M, riiv« In 40-41
NkI/Mo.^, i'ffiiiM,, (utUiti'tion AontiiM
hy . . ......... Z7
t'lU'ii fn hUilloi^rflphy 00
roII«*''llon UMtU*. Uy , 72
N. 11, HAsrtt, rnUtn on 71,77
Oak Ht'utHd, rti\nn ut . . 70#
ii'HtiiKS UASf'ti, ruin on . _ 86
OnMff/fA,« gi'Aiittr , , . 20-;<^>
ifu* your Tt:LAtutHA
f'Hv** «t . . . . 72
minx nf*nr . . .^ 74-76
Oumtws, S, Mkx,. riifnn n<*«r . ^.. 88
(>f.,^Ky'M (IlK^fir J, I UAnnt
minx on_ ... , , . .. . . HHfM
niirlnn on ... 10
IXflKfir K^'^iip - ^ 7Z
I Am lA*uU*n vnUfty _ ^ 62
VtutUio VU*)o valUty ,.,... »2
Hptir nin^'fi 67,68
ThoniiiM (.'»rl/m r^'ijlon ...... 30
0tt?<AMK.««TATlO5< O.^ HttSKH.. - _ . 23
Ott,<AMK^TM -, , ,. .^ 2^1
^IWK?«, MtlH, W, L,-
»''knowl<;^lt(ni<ftit t/> .. ... - 87
IHtttttry In p^ixwrMMlon of - 83
I'AffOKi, d<'f«'rljition of. -. , 17
I'Ai, vri5<o«, Hllv<'r <!My rtf^lon. .-^^., 86
I'KOI'l/K OK urAiUPS
«hflr«H<*r -. ^„ ,.,. 8,14
origin and hfxtory *« O-ll
/(/.'/; «//»// (!Mltnr«' of ri*KUfn,
J'K'fttO'ii/yi'iiM
nhi<f Ulvitr nti(lon .^ .... 04, 911
diwwrlpdon of ... ^--27-2*
n«'«r nifton, \rH . 44
Tif1«r*»<« v«ll«*y ., ^ 73
iUiYHt*pfiHAt'tiY oy urAiion. ^ .. . IS
Hllv«*r nty (N, Mttx,) rtudm 116
Hiittr rnwU ^ ^„, 60
Tiilnroxa vall^fy...^ ^ . 71
VinvAirt ruKKK, mln on 46
I'fMA'Ol'ATA rUIHKH, (UttUtttUt (fl^^^.. 9
I'tSAi, irUKKK Afttt MttrtflM MAI/V
litvKu UYAiUirt, rn\nn In 82
VisKToi', Ahva., mlna wwr - - 80
l'i,^oM Af/roM Mof.',^rAf}«8, ruin in.. 66
VtrtfWKLLHtQU, ruiu» of ......^ IS
INDEX.
95
rLACB'H (Lrm.) ranch, ruliis on 'M
Plummku. \*\ (J., citod In blblloK-
raphy 00
PoliYCIIUOMK WAUK 20
Pott WHY -
Bluo HIvcr H'Kion 44-4H. r»il, 54
I>olKnr ffi'oup . . 7l\
Doming (N. Mox.) roKlon ._. H7, «S
onvlronH of Ltinn __ 18
Fort Apncho rojflon HI
Fort Hnynnl (N. Mox.) niln. . S7
(JhIIo Hprlnj; _ 7H 7U
Keneral doHcrlptlon 25-27
LoH Ivont<'H vallpy. O.H
Lunii vnlloy ... 51) 00, 01
MImbroH Klvor ro^lon H'.\
Nnntnck niotintnlim 40-41
N. 11. ranch ... 77
Pinal rvpok and nilddlo Hall
HIvpr region 82
Pollory mil 80
Puohlo VIoJo valUw 35
Han (^irloH _ MO
811 ver (Mty rcKlon___ 8M. 84-85. 80. 87
sonrcos of (Jlla 20
Hpur ranch _ 05.00
H. r. ranch 74-75
Tonilmtone. Ariz :\H
upper Halt HI ver region 80
White Mountain Creek region. . 80
PoTTKHY Uihh. a pueblo ruin 80
PRAYBH-HTICK HoiTHEs. description of 17
PnioniiO ciiKKK, milling rooms on 10
PiTRBi.o Ckkiqk iiKdioN, rulfiH ln__ 41, 57-58
PUEHLO iNDIANM--
dcHccnt and history 0-11
marrlagt» among 10
offerings by. on Mount Thomas 10
PtTRBLo ViK.ic), Auiz., rtilns at .'iO
PlTHBliO ViK.ro VALIiKY —
ruins In 28, .•{2-.38
stonework In . 22
QUAUUY nV OHHIDIAN . 20-oO
QuRKNH iiKAi), shrines on 10.71
Red MOUNTAIN, rtilns at base of 88
RCLIQION OF INIIAIUTANTS. 28
Renervk. N. Mkx., ruins ncar__ 41.72-7.3
Rehkrvoiuh
application of term 17-18
circular .. 00
TiOH Lentes valley . 02. 04. 05. 00, 07. 08
Pueblo Vlejo valley .'12, .'{4
ThonuiH-CarloH n»glon . * .'18
upper (Jlla region 'lo
Rio CJuanpr Hivku vallevn, ctiittire
In _ _ 28
Rita Hi.anca, ruins on . 02. 04-(J5
RlXON, T. F.. cited In bibliography . 00
RUSBY, II. II.. cave explored by.. _ 8.'{-84
Hacked hprinoh, near Faywood,
N. Mex 80-87
Haddlr mountain, cave In 57-58
Halt, source of 13
Halt Lakb op tub ZuSi 13
Halt river —
cave-dwellings on
cllff-rulns on
pottery of
ruins on __ __
type of pueblos on
Her alfiif Pinal Creek and middle
Halt River regbui.
Halt rivkh (rprBRi. ruins on
Han AdUHTiN plains, location of
Han Cauloh aohncy, ruin at
San <'ahloh ciikkk. ruin on_ .
Han Francihco riveiI —
history of ruins on
milling room on
ruins at source of__
terraces on
type of pueblos on _
Han Francihco River hvhtem. de-
scription of
Svr also .\pache Cn»ek region,
niue River region, etc.
Han .TohIS rcinh
Han .Ican River vallevm, culture
In _
Han Pedro riveu. ruins on
Haimllo creek, ruins on
Hawtootii Mt)rNTAiN. rulu near
HciiLiEHH CREEK, rulns on
HlIELL WORK OF INIIAHITANTM, de-
scrl|)tlon of
HiioWLow, Ariz., ruins near
HlIRINEH
Apache Creek region . .
Phn' River region _ _ 40.
general description
LoH Lentes valley _
Tularosa River regbm _ ^
HiERRA Anciia. ruins ln__
Silver City (N. Mex.) he«jion
ruins __
sacred springs . . . .
Hnvder farm, ruin on
HoHAiiMRi. Inhabitants of Chlchlltlc-
calll .-_ .
Holomun. Charles F.. clllT-houses
explored by__ . .
HnLOMoNHVILLE. AllI/.—
puelOo ruins at or near_ . 28. 34,
situation - -.-
SlMllNOH
as shrliH's .
Apache Cre(»k regbui _ _
liOS LenteH valley
Sliver City region
Tularosa River region
prevalence of _ . .
SlMR RANCH-
hnrlals _ . _
chalcedony disk from __. _.
fi replaces
grading operations
location
ruins
l*age
82
82
27
82
10
70-82
7
30
.'U)-40
10-11
10
59
12
15
41
33
28
37-38
30. 83
81
72
23
80
77.78
57-58
10, 28
07, 08
71, 73
82
8.3-87
Hti -87
55
37
34
.'15, 30
33
10
78
02. 70
80. 87
72
12
m, 08
22
17
14
02
04
96
INDEX.
Hf t B Ua^cu vali^ky, MhrinM In 19
iirknowl«Hlffm«nC to fl2
own«>rrif Hptirand H, f r. r«iirhiNi 14.75
Mtkvismmo?!, Mkm. M. C on ZuAi
(pmriMM . ^^ 40
MT09IKW0RK or l9ltlAfllTAMTM, (V*-
Pirrtptlofi of 22
mruKAMn or Kicf>io?f, denrriptlon of.^ 7-8
H. f. ftAMC'If-
ffradlng opttrntUmn ^^_ 14
niln»» 72. 74-7C
TXM Katk, I>ii, H, F. C. rtt«>d to
WtlUfurnphy --^..^ W
TftHKACKM, formati'm of 11-12
'PHArcHKU, Antz,, mlnn ii«Nir__- 36
TfioMAit-CASum «fsriio5(, rnlON In 38-41
TffoMAM rAKM, ruin nwir. 54
TfioMfMoM idZTfUfiK) rAMM. nilnw
fM»r ^ ^ * , ,^_ 53
ToMiiMToMf:, Ann., orn tmrliilN at.^. 38
ToMTo If AMI ,^, lo<ra» Ion of 7
ToitMAixi f'UKKK, rav#» on_- 4»
Toi.MBr, J. W,. clf#fd In Mblh^Kraphy 90
Tf'i.Aiir>»«A, y. Mkx., rnlttH o»^f 75
Xmnkt'iry of ^_- _. 25
v.u\f\f9>t n\f9>v\mt^nn from ruin on. 12
cfmUitntm of InhabltAntN on 20.21
mflllntf rtHPttin on _. . 10
pttironlyphn on , 27-28
>ip«?rlm*rn of Mf:on«*work from . . _ 22
Ti'LAit/mA UfVBH KiCfifoM, niln» In... 7^>-76
TiUAtKmA VALLifY. poiUttf frots 27
Tt'lKlfrotMK HKAfM 87
TvnQVfttnn minkm 84
TruATAM. loratlon of 27
VKrittv AL nunurtrtHKKr nt riwton 13
\%Mm miiEAKM. diMcriptloti of 7
VfALU mlo of 74
Watch towkk. rnin of 81
Wkkkm, Vuftf. H. B.. pottery ohtnltted
by 39
Wr.u.« 1«, 46
WtfKATLAjvtM. Ams.. rulnM n#Mr 82
WtfiMKKr f'RiSRK, nilii* on 84-80
WiflTK Mot'NTAtM AVACnti RKMRSSrA
Tio«, rnlnn n«ir 80
WMtne MorjiTAtw ckickk, mlnii on
or nwir 79, 8C», 81
WiitTis Mot;i«TAt!« ciiK«K (Noirrtt
roKK). mln on 80-81
Whitk Rfvint c;A»Tojf, mln* In 37
WiffTKWATeii, N. Mies.. njln« At 58
WiifTKWATtJii MOf;MTAfMM« mln* lll-_ 85-86
VftLnftn r'ftfSKK. mln* on 74
Wii^Ao^'A wf]«PMtu.». mln n«ir 87
Vtisnttw, ii. v., riti*d In XAhXUtfsrf^-
pby 90
Wood WORK or fMifAiifTA<^TM, fViMrrlp-
tlon of 2iV-24
WoRt/N rTtfoMAM) RA.^rM, mln
n«»«r 88
yASt—
CoronAd*/* expedition to 9
denrent , 9
olferlngN on >fonnt TtKitnuA.^.- 19
origin tsytb > . 9
INDEX
I*age
Adair place, ruins on 00-Gl
Adamses cave, description of 37
Adobe constructions 10
Demlng (N. Mex.) roRlon 88
lower Gila 28
Aliso creek, ruins on 82
Allison ranch, ruin near 87
Alma, N. Mex., ruins at or near 41, 58
Amusements op people 27-28
Andbrson^s (Peter) farm, ruins on_ 36
Andrus, W. J., collection of 72, 73, 76
Animas Valley dam, description of_ 29
Apache —
Influence on settlement of re-
gion 9
lodge sites : 18
remains 85
Apache creek, ruins on 70-71
Apache Creek region, ruins in 76-79
Apache mountain —
pottery on 77
shrines on 19, 71, 77
Aragon's Tlaza, N. Mex., ruins
near 75
Arizona, physiography of 7
Ash creek, ruins on 40
Averitt, John, work of 76
Baca place, ruins on 74
Bailey, Vernon, on ruins In Silver
City region 83
Baker, David, ruins explored by 88
Bandelier, a. F. —
cited In bibliography 90
on artifacts and caves In upper
(Jlla region 30
on artifacts from Pueblo Vlejo
valley 36-37
on Chlchlltlc calll 37
on cllflP-d welling In upper GUa
region 30-32
on ruins In Demlng (N. Mex.)
region 89
on ruins in-Mlmbres Ulver re-
V glon 83, 87, 80
on ruins In Pinal Creelc and mid-
dle Salt River region 82
on ruins in Thomas-Carlos re-
gion 38-40
on ruins in White Mountain
Creek region 80
on ruins near Fort Apache 80, 81
on ruins near Silver City, N.
Mex 87
Bartbll's, N. Mex., ruins near 74
Page
P»ARTLETT, J. W., V. S. A., cited in
bibliography 90
Basketry, description of 24-25
Bateman ranch, ruin on 84
Baxter, Sylvester, cited In bibliog-
raphy 90
Beads, as sacred offerings 59, 62, 70
Bear canyon, ruin in 76
Bi<Li.R creek, ruins on 50-52
Bear Creek cavern, contents of 20
Bellas (Robert) ranch, cave on 49
Bishop (Oliver) ranch, ruins near 77-78
Black butte, ruins near 87-88
Black Mesa forest reserve, loca-
tion of 7
Black River. See Salt river.
Blub^ Ariz., ruins near 52-58
Blub River region —
basketry 25
dress of Inhabitants 20, 21, 24
flora 8
klvas 18
petroglyphs 27
pueblo types 15
ruins 42-57
well-like constructions 18
Bonework, description of 23
Braiiam ranch, ruin on 84
Brockmann's mills, ruin at 89
Brown farm, ruins on 74
Brush creek, ruin on 54
BuENA Vista ruin, description of_- 34-35
Building materials, varieties of 12
Buildings of region, general de-
scription of 14-18
See also Clifl'-dwelllngH, Klvas, etc.
Burials —
Apache Creek region 78
Blue River region 44,56
Demlng (N. Mex.) region 88
in several regions 10-11
Los Lentes valley 02-63, 66, 68
Luna valley 61
Silver City (N. Mex.) reglon___ 84
White Mountain Creek reglon__ 79
Sec also Oematlon of dead.
Burr, Surg. R. T., U. S. A., ruins
described by 37
Byron, Ralph, excavation by 88
Byron ranch, ruin on 88
Camp Grant, collection of relics
from 87
Cannibalism, no evidence of 14
91
92
INDEX.
rage
Canyons of region, general descrip-
tion of 7-8
Carlton, J. H., collection of 36
Carpenter, Ariz., ruin at 44-45
Carrizo creek, ruins on 76
Casa Grande —
as a type structure 28
description of 16
not the ancient Chichiltic-
calli 37
Casas Grandes —
builders 29
culture 87
pottery 83
Castos's (John) ranch, ruin on 53
Caves of region —
general description 13,
14, 15, 19, 20, 27, 28
Fort Apache (N. Mex.) region — 81
Luna valley 58, 61
Pinal Creek and middle Salt
River region 82
Pueblo Creek region 57, 58
Pueblo Viejo valley 32,37
San Francisco River drainage 41
Blue River region— 42,45,47-52
Eagle Creek region 42
Silver City (N. Mex.) region— 83-
84, 85, 86
Thomas-Carlos region 40-41
Tularosa River region 72, 75-76
upper Gila region 30-32
White Mountain Creek region 79
Cedar creek, ruin on 79
Cedar Grove ranch, Indian remains
on 88
Central, N. Mex., ruin near 84
Centrefire creek, ruins on 56-57
Checkerboard type of ruins —
Pinal Creek and middle Salt
River region 82
Pueblo Viejo valley 37
Thomas-Carlos region 38
Chichiltic-calli, description of 37
Chiricahua forest reserve, loca-
tion of 7
CiBicu creek, ruins on 79, 81
Cibola, Coronado*s expedition- to 9
Cienagas, prevalence of 12
Cliff-dwellings —
Blue River region 48
distribution and construction 16
Fort Apache region 81
Los Lentes valley 62, 64-65
objects from 21-22
on Pueblo creek 41
Salt River (middle) gorge 82
upper Gila region 29, 30-32
Clifton, Ariz., ruins near 42, 44—45
Climate of region —
description of 8,10
effect on native architecture. 14-15, 28
Clothing of inhabitants, descrip-
tion of 20-21
Cochise county, Ariz., ruins of 37-38
COCOPA, DRESS of 20
Page
Coleman (Henry) ranch, ruin on_ 88
Collins (Mrs.) ranch, ruin on 8&
Colorado River drainage 7
CooLEY RANCH (Old), ruiu ou 80
CooLBY's, Ariz., ruin near 80
Cooper place, ruins on 72
Copper, use of 12, 73^
Cornet farm, ruins near 5^
CoRONADO, Francisco Vasquez —
expedition of 9, 38-
on Chichiltic-calli 37
CosPER (J. 11. T.) FARM, rulns on__ 50
CospER, John, on cave in Saddle
mountain 57-5S
Cremation of dead —
Blue River region 44
Thomas-Carlos region 39-40
Culture of region —
distribution 11-14
effect of physio^aphy on 28
of Mimbres River region 83^
relative degree of 2ft
See also Amusements, Buildings,
etc.
CusHiNG, Frank Hamilton —
cited in bibliography 90 v
explorations by 28^
on earth pueblos 1ft
Datil mountains, location of 7
Db Lash mutt. Prof. Ivan —
acknowledgment to 84
obsidian quarry reported by 20
on caves in Silver City (N.
Mex.) region 85
on Mimbres River region pot-
tery 8a
Delgar mesa, shrines on 10
Delgar (H. S.) RANCH, rulus on or
near 72, 73-
Deming, N. Mex., pottery from 83:
Iteming (N. Mex.) region, ruins in_ 87-80
Description of region 7-8^
Dbvol, Prof. W. S., cliff-houses ex-
plored by 34
Diamond river, ruins on 30
Dill, R. M. G., excavations by 65
Domestic life 20-22
Double Circle ranch, ruins at 42
Drainage op region, description of_ 7-8-
Dress of inhabitants, description
of 20-21
Duff, Prof. U. Francis —
cited in bibliography 90
on Kuins in Demlng (N. Mex.)
region 87-88-
visit by, to Apache Mountain
shrine 77
Eaglb Creek region, ruins in 42
Eastcamp, N. Mex. —
• kivas at 18-
ruins near 77-78, 70
Egan, Hon. Mark J., Apache relics
owned by 42
Emory, Cooke, and Johnston, cited
in bibliography 90
Enclaves, effects of 8
INDEX.
98
Page
Environment as affecting culture — 11-14
Eplby's rcin, description of 35
EscuDiLLA PEAK, souFce of San Fran-
cisco river 41
European advent Into region 8-9
Fabrics, native, description of 24
Fauna op region 8, 13-14
Faywood, N. Mex,, sacred springs
at 86-87
Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter —
cited in bibliography 90
connection with find In Nan-
tack mountains - 40
explorations by 28,34,35
on Adams's cave 37
on Buena Vista ruin 34-35
on pottery figurine 26
Field Museum op Natural History,
collections of 81
Fireplaces 17
Fish-hook creek, ruin on 52
Flora of region —
• fibrous plants 24
food plants 13,14
general description 8, 13
Florida mountains, ruins near 88
Food supply of region —
character of 13, 14
effect on population 10
Foot creek, ruins on 53-54
Forbstdalb, Ariz., ruin at 18
FORESTDALB CREEK, TUinS OU 79, 80
Forests op region, description of — 8
Fort, ruins of 80,81
Fort Apaciik —
caves near 79
ruins at or neair 70, 80-81
Fort Apache region, ruins in 80-81
Fort Bayard, N. Mex., ruin at 83, 87
FouT Thomas, Auiz., ruins near 38-39
Fox mountains, ruins in 79
Fritz (P^rbd) ranch, ruin on 46-47
FuNDBRnuRG ciENAGA, rulus at 60
<3aillard, Capt. D. D., V. S. A.,
Animas Valley dam described by 29
<3allo .mountains, location of 7
Oallo spuin(;s —
pottery from 19
ruins at 72,78-79
Gatton's ranch, pottery from 30
GEOGUAPHY op KKiJiON 7-8
•tEOLogy of he(;ion 11-13
Gibson's ranch, rulnH on 82
Gila Bonita crkbk, ruins on 34
Gila rivkii —
culture in valleys of 28
ruluH around Hources of 29-32
type of pucbloH on 15-16
Sec alHO Pueblo Viejo valley,
Thomas-Carlos region.
Gila River forest reserve, loca-
tion of 7
■Gtla-Salt River system, descrip-
tion of 7-8
•Globb, Abiz.^ rulDB near 82
Page
Gorman's, N. Mex., ruin near 87
Graham's, N. Mex., ruins near 74
Greenwald (Herman) ranch, ruins
near 89
Grosstead, Mrs., excavation by 78
Hales, Henry —
cited in bibliography- 1 90
collection of 72,73
Halona, mortuary customs of 10
Harrington ranch, ruin on 86
Henkel PARK, cliff-dwellings In 58
Henshaw, H. W. —
cited In bibliography 90
on artifacts, upper Gila region. 30
on cliff-dwellings, upper Gila re-
gions 29
Heye, George G., collection of 72, 73
HiCKS's RANCH, rulus near 89
HiGGiNS PLACE, ruius on 73
Hightower's (Clement) ranch,
ruin on 73
History of region 8-9
Hliakwa, a Zuiil mythical hero 9
Hodge, F. W., on prehistoric irriga-
tion In Arizona 16
Hodge, Hiram C, cited In bibliog-
raphy 90
HoLsoN RANCH, pottcry from 85
Hopi—
descent of 9
Masaud shrines of 19
HoRTON, D. B., explorations by 42
Hough, Dr. Walter —
cited in bibliography 90
explorations by 34,35
HudliCka, 1)u. Ale.«5, on ruin at Rice
school 39
Hudson, Col. Richard, owner of
Cedar (irove ranch 88
Hudson hot sprin(;s, location of- 86-87
Hunting lodges 79
Hurley, X. Mkx., ruins near 85-86
Indian creek, ruins on 55
Industries of region. description of_ 22-27
^V•r a/«o Baislcetry, Boneworlc,
etc.
Interior sawmill, ruin near 80
Irrkjation —
Animas Valley dam 29
ditch, Aliso creek 82
method used on Mount (rraham 38
worlcs on (ilia and Salt rivers 16
Jackson farm, ruins near 54
Jkwbtt's (UP, ruins in 77
Johnson, Ab., ruins rejiorted by 79
Johnson, Jas. S., llnd made by 55
Joii^ON (J. S.) RANCH, ruins near- 47-48
Johnsons basin, ruins in 79
Jones's (Henry) ranch, ruins on.- 54
Joseph, N. Mex. —
Inhabitants 70
ruins near 72, 73, 74, 75
Keith ranch, ruin on 88
Kenton's banch, ruins near 82
94
INDEX.
Page
KlVAS —
Apache Creek region 77, 78
Blue River region 53, 50
general description 17-18
Los Lentes valley 64, 69
Luna valley 60-61
Tularosa River region 71, 72, 74
upper Salt River region 80
Lagit cbeek, ruins on 72
Lakes in region 12
Lander, Mrs., pottery secured from. 72
Language op inhabitants, descrip-
tion of •_ 27-28
Linden, Ariz., ruins near 18, 80
Little Colorado river —
culture in valleys of 28
drainage 7
Livingstone, Ariz., ruins near 82
Lone mountain —
caves near 86
paintings near 86
plctographs near 86
ruins on 85
Lone Pine, N. Mex., ruins at 58
Los Lentes valley, ruins in 61-70
Los Muertos, mortuary customs at- 10
Los Trigos, Ariz., ruins near 82
Lovelady ranch, caves near 49, 50
Luna, N. Mex., ruins near__ 18,59-61,79
Luna valley, N. Mex., ruins in 58-61
Lyon, M. W., jr., on prehistoric mam-
mal remains 75
Mangas springs, caves at ^_ 30
Marcos op Niza, expedition of 8
Maricopa, acequias used by 38
Marriage among Pueblos 10
Martin, Charles B., acknowledg-
ment to 56
Martin's <C. B.) farm, ruins on 55-57
MASAUt shrines of the Hopl, de-
scription of 19
Mason, Prop. Otis T., cited on bas-
ketry 25
Matthews, Dr. Washington, cited
In bibliography 90
Metal working, absence of 12
Metates 17
Metcalp, Lieut. Henry, U. S. A.,
caves explored by 83
Mexican Boundary Commission,
ruins found by 38
Miller, Sgt. Edward S., U. S. A.,
acknowledgment to 80
Milling rooms 15, 16
Mimbres mountains, location of 83
MiMBRES RIVER
drainage 7
peoples on ♦ 29
Mimbres River region, ruins in_ 30, 83-89
Mineral environment of region 11-13
MoGOLLox rim, description of 7
Mohave, dress of 20
Montezuma's cave, description of_ 50-52
MooREHEAD, W. K., cltcd in bibliog-
raphy 90
MORAN, Dr. G. II., specimens do-
nated by 39
Page
Mortars, from Deming (N. Mex.)
region 88
Mortuary customs 10-11
See also Burials.
Mountains op region, description
of 7-8
Mount Graham, caves in 37
Mount Graham forest reserve, lo-
cation of 7
Mount Thomas —
sand altar on 59
shrines on 19
Museum-Gates Expedition, work
of (1901), 79, 80; (1905) 48,
56-57, 60, 79.
Nantack mountains, cave in 40-41
Nelson, Chris., collection donated
by 37
Nelson, E. W. —
cited in bibliography 90
collection made by 72
N. 11. RANCH, ruins on 71, 77
Oak spring, ruins at 79#
O'Brien ranch, ruin on 86
Obsidian quarry 29-30
Old Fort Tularosa —
cave at 72
ruins near 74—76
Oldtown, N. Mex., ruins near 88
Olnby's (Henry J.) ranch —
ruins on 33, 36
spring on 19
Orientation op ruins —
Delgar group 73
Los Lentes valley 62
Pueblo Vlejo valley 32
Spur ranch 67,68
Thomas-Carlos region 39
Ornamentation on bones 23
Ornaments 20
Owen, Mrs. W. L. —
acknowledgment to 87
pottery in possession of 83
Pahoki, description of 17
Paintings, Silver City region 86
People op region —
character 8, 14
origin and history 9-11
See also Culture of region.
Pestles 88
Petroglyph s —
Blue River region 54, 55
description of 27-28
near Clifton, Ariz 44
Tularosa valley Ta
Physiography op region 7-8
PiCTOGRAPHS —
Silver City (N. Mex.) region 86
Spur ranch 65
Tularosa valley 71
Pigeon creek, ruin on 46
Pima-Opata tribes, descent of 9
Pinal Creek and middle Salt
River region, ruins in 82
PiNETOP, Ariz., ruins near 80
PiNOS Altos mountains, ruin In 86
Pit-dwellings, ruins of IS
INDEX.
95
Pago
Place's (Lem.) ranch, ruins on .'i6
Plummer, F. G., cited in bibliog-
raphy 00
Polychrome wake 26
Pottery —
Blue River region 44-48,52,54
Delgar group 7Ii
Deming (N. Mo.x.) region 87,88
environs of Luna 18
Fort Apache region 81
Fort Bayard (N. Mex.) ruin.-- 87
Gallo spring 78-70
general description 25-27
Los I^entes valley — Oli
Luna valley 50-00.61
Mimbres River region 83
Nantack mountains 40-41
N. 11. ranch 77
Pinal Creek and middle Salt
River region 82
Pottery IIlll 80
Pueblo Viejo valley 1 35
San Carlos 30
Silver City reglon___ 83. 84-85, 80, 87
sources of Gila 20
Spur ranch 65, 66
S. U. ranch 74-75
Tombstone, Ariz 38
upper Salt River region 80
White Mountain Creek region __ 80
Pottery Hill, a pueblo ruin 80
Prayer-stick houses , description of 17
Pueblo creek, milling rooms on 16
Pueblo Creek reoion, ruins in 41, 57-58
Pueblo Indians —
descent and history 0-11
marriage among 10
offerings by, on Mount Thomas 10
Pueblo Viejo, Ariz., ruins at 30
Pueblo Vie.H) valley
ruins in 28, .32-38
stonework in 22
Quarry op (»bsii)i.\n 20-30
Queens head, shrines on 10.71
Red mountain, ruins at base of 88
Religion of iniiahitants 28
Reserve, X. Mex., ruins near 41, 72-73
Reservoirs
application of term 17-18
circular .._ 6(5
Los Lentes valley.. (;2. (54. (55, (5(5. 67, (5S
Pueblo Viejo valley. ._ .'52,34
Thomas-Carlos region . ' 3S
upper (Ilia region . . .'lO
Rio Grande River valleys, culture
in - __ .. 28
1{ita Bi.anca, ruins on (52. 64-(55
Rixox, T. h\. cited in bibliography- 00
RusBY, H. IL, cave explored by 83-84
Sacred springs, near Fay wood,
N. Mex 86-87
Saddle mountain, cave in 57-58
Salt, source of 13
Salt Lake op the ZuRi 13
Page
Salt river —
cave-dwellings on 82
cliflT-ruins on 82
pottery of 27
ruins on 82
type of pueblos on 16
Kre (iImo Pinal Creek and middle
Salt River region.
Salt river (upper), ruins on 70-82
San Agustin plains, location of 7
San Carlos agency, ruin at 30
San Cahlos creek, ruin on 30-40
San Francisco river —
history of ruins on 10-11
milling room on 16
ruins at source of 59
terraces on 12
type of pueblos on 15
San Francis(N) River system, de-
scription of 41
Si'c also Ai)acbe Creek region,
Blue River region, etc.
San Josft ruins 33
San Juan River valleys, culture
in 28
San Pedro river, ruins on 37-38
Sapillo creek, ruins on 30,83^
Sawtooth mountain, ruin near 81
SciiLiEss CREEK, ruius ou 72
Shell work op inhabitants, de-
scripti(m of 23
Showlow, Ariz., ruins near 80
Shrines —
Apache Creek region 77,78
Blue Itiver region 40,57-58
general description 10,28
Los Lentes valley 07,68
Tularosa River region __^ 71,73
Sierra Anciia^ ruins in 82
Silver City (X. Mex.) rkjsion —
ruins 83-87
sacred springs 80-87
Snyder farm, ruin on 55
SoBAiPURi, inhabitants of Chlchiltlc-
calll 37
S(»L().MON, Charles F.. cliff-houses
explored by 34
SnLOMONSVILLE, ARIZ.
pueblo ruins at or near__ 28, 34, 35, 30
sifuation . 33
Springs —
as shrines 10
Apache Creek region 78
Los Lentes valley 62,70
Silver City region 8(5,87
Tularosa River region 72
prevalence of 12
Spur ranch —
iRirials 66, 68
chalcedony disk from 22
fireplaces 17
grading operations 14
location 62
ruins 64
96
INDEX.
Page
Spur Ranch valley, shrines In 19
Stevens cienaqa, ruins at 60, 63
Stevens, Montague —
acknowledgment to 62
owner of Spur and S. U. ranches 14, 75
Stevenson, Mrs. M. C, on Zu&i
games 40
Stonework op inhabitants, de-
scription of 22
Streams or region, description of 7-8
S. U. RANCH —
grading operations 14
ruins 72, 74-75
TEN Kate, Dr. H. F. C, cited in
bibliography 90
Terraces, formation of 11-12
Thatcher, Ariz., ruins near 36
Thomas-Carlos region, ruins in 38-41
Thomas farm, ruin near 54
Thompson (George) farm, ruins
near 53
Tombstone, Ariz., urn burials at 38
TONTO basin, location of 7
Tornado creek, cave on 49
TouMEY, J. W., cited in bibliography 90
TcLAROSA, N. Mex., ruins near 75
Tularosa river —
basketry^ of 25
copper specimens from ruin on. 12
costumes of inhabitants on 20, 21
milling rooms on 16
petroglyphs on 27-28
specimen of stonework from 22
Tularosa River region, ruins in — 70-76
Tularosa valley, pottery from 27
Page
Turquoise beads 87
Turquoise mines 84
Tusayan, location of 27
Vegetal environment of region 13
Verde breaks, description of 7
Wall, ruin of 74
Watch tower, ruin of 81
Weeks, Prop. S. B., pottery obtained
by 39
Wells 18, 46
Wheatlands, Ariz., ruins near 82
Whiskey creek, ruins on 84-85
White Mountain Apache reserva-
tion, ruins near 80
White Mountain creek, ruins on
or near 79, 80, 81
White Mountain creek (North
PORK), ruin on 80-81
White River canyon, ruins in 37
Whitewater, N. Mex., ruins at 58
Whitewater mountains, ruins in 85-86
Wilson creek, ruins on 74
Wilson's windmills, ruin near 87
WiNSHiP, G. P., cited in bibliogra-
phy 90
Woodwork op inhabitants, descrip-
tion of 23-24
Word's (Thomas) ranch, ruin
near 88
ZuSi —
Coronado*s expedition to 9
descent 9
offerings on Mount Thomas 19
origin myth 9
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